std::unique_lock提供与std::lock_guard 相同的RAII -style锁管理机制,但是更加灵活。要想理解unique_lock,最好的办法就是看他的源码(vs2013):
template<class _Mutex>
class unique_lock
{ // whizzy class with destructor that unlocks mutex
public:
typedef unique_lock<_Mutex> _Myt;
typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
// CONSTRUCT, ASSIGN, AND DESTROY
unique_lock() _NOEXCEPT
: _Pmtx(0), _Owns(false)
{ // default construct
}
explicit unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // construct and lock
_Pmtx->lock();
_Owns = true;
}
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, adopt_lock_t)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(true)
{ // construct and assume already locked
}
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, defer_lock_t) _NOEXCEPT
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // construct but don't lock
}
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, try_to_lock_t)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock())
{ // construct and try to lock
}
template<class _Rep,
class _Period>
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx,
const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& _Rel_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock_for(_Rel_time))
{ // construct and lock with timeout
}
template<class _Clock,
class _Duration>
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx,
const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& _Abs_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time))
{ // construct and lock with timeout
}
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, const xtime *_Abs_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // try to lock until _Abs_time
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time);
}
unique_lock(unique_lock&& _Other) _NOEXCEPT
: _Pmtx(_Other._Pmtx), _Owns(_Other._Owns)
{ // destructive copy
_Other._Pmtx = 0;
_Other._Owns = false;
}
unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock&& _Other)
{ // destructive copy
if (this != &_Other)
{ // different, move contents
if (_Owns)
_Pmtx->unlock();
_Pmtx = _Other._Pmtx;
_Owns = _Other._Owns;
_Other._Pmtx = 0;
_Other._Owns = false;
}
return (*this);
}
~unique_lock() _NOEXCEPT
{ // clean up
if (_Owns)
_Pmtx->unlock();
}
unique_lock(const unique_lock&) = delete;
unique_lock& operator=(const unique_lock&) = delete;
// LOCK AND UNLOCK
void lock()
{ // lock the mutex
_Validate();
_Pmtx->lock();
_Owns = true;
}
bool try_lock()
{ // try to lock the mutex
_Validate();
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock();
return (_Owns);
}
template<class _Rep,
class _Period>
bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& _Rel_time)
{ // try to lock mutex for _Rel_time
_Validate();
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock_for(_Rel_time);
return (_Owns);
}
template<class _Clock,
class _Duration>
bool try_lock_until(
const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& _Abs_time)
{ // try to lock mutex until _Abs_time
_Validate();
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time);
return (_Owns);
}
bool try_lock_until(const xtime *_Abs_time)
{ // try to lock the mutex until _Abs_time
_Validate();
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time);
return (_Owns);
}
void unlock()
{ // try to unlock the mutex
if (!_Pmtx || !_Owns)
_THROW_NCEE(system_error,
_STD make_error_code(errc::operation_not_permitted));
_Pmtx->unlock();
_Owns = false;
}
// MUTATE
void swap(unique_lock& _Other) _NOEXCEPT
{ // swap with _Other
_STD swap(_Pmtx, _Other._Pmtx);
_STD swap(_Owns, _Other._Owns);
}
_Mutex *release() _NOEXCEPT
{ // disconnect
_Mutex *_Res = _Pmtx;
_Pmtx = 0;
_Owns = false;
return (_Res);
}
// OBSERVE
bool owns_lock() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return true if this object owns the lock
return (_Owns);
}
explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return true if this object owns the lock
return (_Owns);
}
_Mutex *mutex() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return pointer to managed mutex
return (_Pmtx);
}
private:
_Mutex *_Pmtx;
bool _Owns;
void _Validate() const
{ // check if the mutex can be locked
if (!_Pmtx)
_THROW_NCEE(system_error,
_STD make_error_code(errc::operation_not_permitted));
if (_Owns)
_THROW_NCEE(system_error,
_STD make_error_code(errc::resource_deadlock_would_occur));
}
};
// SWAP
template<class _Mutex>
void swap(unique_lock<_Mutex>& _Left,
unique_lock<_Mutex>& _Right) _NOEXCEPT
{ // swap _Left and _Right
_Left.swap(_Right);
}
虽然看起来很长,但是其实很容易理解。他基本的特点就是:
1.不可以拷贝构造、不可以拷贝赋值。但是可以移动构造和赋值,可以swap。
2.是个类模板,具体操作由指定的模板参数决定。
3.成员变量包括一个指向mutex的指针_Pmtx,还有一个代表是否已经锁定了当前mutex的bool量_Owns。
4.构造时可以指定构造函数的做出不同行为。
下面对几个关键的函数做简单介绍:
explicit unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx) : _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // construct and lock
_Pmtx->lock();
_Owns = true;
}
构造时直接锁定mutex。
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, adopt_lock_t)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(true)
{ // construct and assume already locked
}
构造时认为mutex已经被锁定,不再重复锁定。
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, defer_lock_t) _NOEXCEPT
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // construct but don't lock
}
构造时认为mutex没有被锁定,而且暂时不执行锁定操作。可以在之后的代码中执行lock()、try_lock、try_lock_for、try_lock_util等操作。注意,std::mutex不支持try_lock_for、try_lock_util操作,std::timed_mutex和std::recursive_mutex支持这两种操作。
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, try_to_lock_t)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock())
{ // construct and try to lock
}
构造时直接使用mutex的try_lock()函数。
template<class _Rep,
class _Period>
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx,
const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& _Rel_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock_for(_Rel_time))
{ // construct and lock with timeout
}
构造时使用mutex的try_lock_for函数,指定最大时间。
template<class _Clock,
class _Duration>
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx,
const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& _Abs_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(_Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time))
{ // construct and lock with timeout
}
unique_lock(_Mutex& _Mtx, const xtime *_Abs_time)
: _Pmtx(&_Mtx), _Owns(false)
{ // try to lock until _Abs_time
_Owns = _Pmtx->try_lock_until(_Abs_time);
}
构造时使用mutex的try_lock_uti()函数,指定一个绝对时间点。
_Mutex *release() _NOEXCEPT
{ // disconnect
_Mutex *_Res = _Pmtx;
_Pmtx = 0;
_Owns = false;
return (_Res);
}
release()函数代表直接返回其保存的mutex指针,并且将对象状态清空。在此期间不对mutex做锁定或解锁操作。
bool owns_lock() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return true if this object owns the lock
return (_Owns);
}
explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return true if this object owns the lock
return (_Owns);
}
owns_lock()和bool类型转换函数都代表当前mutex是否已经被锁定。
_Mutex *mutex() const _NOEXCEPT
{ // return pointer to managed mutex
return (_Pmtx);
}
直接返回内部保存的mutex指针,不做状态清理工作。比较危险,轻易不要使用。