数据库 insert 用法实例<二>

.A 执行简单的 INSERT 语句

以下示例在 Production.UnitMeasure 表中插入一行。由于提供了所有列的值并按表中各列的顺序列出这些值,因此不必在 column_list. 中指定列名。

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USE AdventureWorks;
GO
INSERT INTO Production.UnitMeasure
VALUES (N'F2', N'Square Feet', GETDATE());
GO

B. 插入多行数据

以下示例创建表 dbo.Departments,然后将五行数据插入该表。由于提供了所有列的值并按表中各列的顺序列出这些值,因此不必在列列表中指定列名。请注意,所有行值表达式必须为相同的度数并且每个元素都不能返回 NULL 值。

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USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'dbo.Departments', N'U') IS NOT NULL 
    DROP TABLE dbo.Departments;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.Departments (DeptID tinyint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, DeptName nvarchar(30), 
    Manager nvarchar(50));
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.Departments 
    VALUES (1, 'Human Resources', 'Margheim'),(2, 'Sales', 'Byham'), 
           (3, 'Finance', 'Gill'),(4, 'Purchasing', 'Barber'),
           (5, 'Manufacturing', 'Brewer');

C. 按与表列顺序不同的顺序插入数据

以下示例使用 column_list 显式指定插入到每个列的值。UnitMeasure 表中的列顺序为 UnitMeasureCodeNameModifiedDate;但这些列的列出顺序与 column_list 中的顺序不同。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
INSERT INTO Production.UnitMeasure (Name, UnitMeasureCode,
    ModifiedDate)
VALUES (N'Square Yards', N'Y2', GETDATE());
GO

D. 插入所含值数目少于列数目的数据

以下示例显示了如何将行插入到包含自动生成值或具有默认值的列的表中。INSERT 语句插入一些行,这些行只有部分列包含值。在最后一个 INSERT 语句中,未指定列并只插入了默认值。

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USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.T1', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.T1;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.T1 
(
    column_1 int IDENTITY, 
    column_2 varchar(30) 
        CONSTRAINT default_name DEFAULT ('my column default'),
    column_3 timestamp,
    column_4 varchar(40) NULL
);
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.T1 (column_4) 
    VALUES ('Explicit value');
INSERT INTO dbo.T1 (column_2, column_4) 
    VALUES ('Explicit value', 'Explicit value');
INSERT INTO dbo.T1 (column_2) 
    VALUES ('Explicit value');
INSERT INTO T1 DEFAULT VALUES; 
GO
SELECT column_1, column_2, column_3, column_4
FROM dbo.T1;
GO

E. 将数据插入到含标识列的表中

以下示例显示了将数据插入标识列的不同方法。前两个 INSERT 语句允许为新行生成标识值。第三个 INSERT 语句用 SET IDENTITY_INSERT 语句覆盖列的 IDENTITY 属性,并将一个显式值插入到标识列。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.T1', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.T1;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.T1 ( column_1 int IDENTITY, column_2 VARCHAR(30));
GO
INSERT T1 VALUES ('Row #1');
INSERT T1 (column_2) VALUES ('Row #2');
GO
SET IDENTITY_INSERT T1 ON;
GO
INSERT INTO T1 (column_1,column_2) 
    VALUES (-99, 'Explicit identity value');
GO
SELECT column_1, column_2
FROM T1;
GO

F. 通过使用 NEWID() 将数据插入到 uniqueidentifier 列中

以下示例使用 NEWID() 函数获取 column_2 的 GUID。与标识列不同,数据库引擎不为 uniqueidentifier 数据类型的列自动生成值(如第二个 INSERT 语句所示)。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.T1', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.T1;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.T1 
(
    column_1 int IDENTITY, 
    column_2 uniqueidentifier,
);
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.T1 (column_2) 
    VALUES (NEWID());
INSERT INTO T1 DEFAULT VALUES; 
GO
SELECT column_1, column_2
FROM dbo.T1;
GO

G. 通过视图将数据插入表中

以下示例在 INSERT 语句中指定一个视图名,但将新行插入到该视图的基础表中。INSERT 语句中 VALUES 列表的顺序必须与视图的列顺序相匹配。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.T1', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.T1;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.V1', 'V') IS NOT NULL
    DROP VIEW dbo.V1;
GO
CREATE TABLE T1 ( column_1 int, column_2 varchar(30));
GO
CREATE VIEW V1 AS 
SELECT column_2, column_1 
FROM T1;
GO
INSERT INTO V1 
    VALUES ('Row 1',1);
GO
SELECT column_1, column_2 
FROM T1;
GO
SELECT column_1, column_2
FROM V1;
GO

H. 使用 SELECT 和 EXECUTE 选项插入数据

以下示例显示三种不同的方法,用来从一个表获取数据,并将数据插入到另一个表。每种方法都基于一个多表 SELECT 语句,该语句在列列表中包含一个表达式及一个文字值。

第一个 INSERT 语句使用 SELECT 语句直接从源表(EmployeeSalesPersonContact)中检索数据,并将结果集存储在 EmployeeSales 表中。第二个 INSERT 执行一个包含 SELECT 语句的存储过程,而第三个 INSERTSELECT 语句作为一个字符串执行。

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USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.EmployeeSales', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.EmployeeSales;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.uspGetEmployeeSales', 'P') IS NOT NULL
    DROP PROCEDURE uspGetEmployeeSales;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.EmployeeSales
( DataSource   varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  EmployeeID   varchar(11) NOT NULL,
  LastName     varchar(40) NOT NULL,
  SalesDollars money NOT NULL
);
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspGetEmployeeSales 
AS 
    SELECT 'PROCEDURE', e.EmployeeID, c.LastName, 
        sp.SalesYTD 
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e 
        INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS sp  
        ON e.EmployeeID = sp.SalesPersonID 
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact AS c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    WHERE e.EmployeeID LIKE '2%'
    ORDER BY e.EmployeeID, c.LastName;
GO
--INSERT...SELECT example
INSERT dbo.EmployeeSales
    SELECT 'SELECT', e.EmployeeID, c.LastName, sp.SalesYTD 
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
        INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS sp
        ON e.EmployeeID = sp.SalesPersonID 
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact AS c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    WHERE e.EmployeeID LIKE '2%'
    ORDER BY e.EmployeeID, c.LastName;
GO
--INSERT...EXECUTE procedure example
INSERT EmployeeSales 
EXECUTE uspGetEmployeeSales;
GO
--INSERT...EXECUTE('string') example
INSERT EmployeeSales 
EXECUTE 
('
SELECT ''EXEC STRING'', e.EmployeeID, c.LastName, 
    sp.SalesYTD 
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e 
        INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS sp 
        ON e.EmployeeID = sp.SalesPersonID 
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact AS c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    WHERE e.EmployeeID LIKE ''2%''
    ORDER BY e.EmployeeID, c.LastName
');
GO
--Show results.
SELECT DataSource,EmployeeID,LastName,SalesDollars
FROM dbo.EmployeeSales;
GO

I. 通过使用 TOP 子句插入数据

下面的示例创建 NewEmployee 表,并将 Employee 表中前 10 名雇员的地址数据插入到该表中。然后执行 SELECT 语句以验证 NewEmployee 表的内容。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'HumanResources.NewEmployee', N'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE HumanResources.NewEmployee;
GO
CREATE TABLE HumanResources.NewEmployee
(
    EmployeeID int NOT NULL,
    LastName nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
    FirstName nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
    Phone Phone NULL,
    AddressLine1 nvarchar(60) NOT NULL,
    City nvarchar(30) NOT NULL,
    State nchar(3) NOT NULL, 
    PostalCode nvarchar(15) NOT NULL,
    CurrentFlag Flag
);
GO
INSERT TOP (10) INTO HumanResources.NewEmployee 
    SELECT
       e.EmployeeID, c.LastName, c.FirstName, c.Phone,
       a.AddressLine1, a.City, sp.StateProvinceCode, 
       a.PostalCode, e.CurrentFlag
    FROM HumanResources.Employee e
        INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeeAddress AS ea
        ON e.EmployeeID = ea.EmployeeID
        INNER JOIN Person.Address AS a
        ON ea.AddressID = a.AddressID
        INNER JOIN Person.StateProvince AS sp
        ON a.StateProvinceID = sp.StateProvinceID
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact as c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID;
GO
SELECT  EmployeeID, LastName, FirstName, Phone,
        AddressLine1, City, State, PostalCode, CurrentFlag
FROM HumanResources.NewEmployee;
GO

J. 将 OUTPUT 用于 INSERT 语句

以下示例将行插入 ScrapReason 表,并使用 OUTPUT 子句将语句的结果返回到 @MyTableVar table 变量。由于 ScrapReasonID 列使用 IDENTITY 属性定义,因此未在 INSERT 语句中为该列指定一个值。但应注意,数据库引擎为该列生成的值在 INSERTED.ScrapReasonID 列中的 OUTPUT 子句中返回。

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USE AdventureWorks;
GO
DECLARE @MyTableVar table( ScrapReasonID smallint,
                           Name varchar(50),
                           ModifiedDate datetime);
INSERT Production.ScrapReason
    OUTPUT INSERTED.ScrapReasonID, INSERTED.Name, INSERTED.ModifiedDate
        INTO @MyTableVar
VALUES (N'Operator error', GETDATE());

--Display the result set of the table variable.
SELECT ScrapReasonID, Name, ModifiedDate FROM @MyTableVar;
--Display the result set of the table.
SELECT ScrapReasonID, Name, ModifiedDate 
FROM Production.ScrapReason;
GO

K. 将 WITH 公用表表达式用于 INSERT 语句

以下示例创建 NewEmployee 表。公用表表达式 (EmployeeTemp) 定义要插入 NewEmployee 表中的行。INSERT 语句引用公用表表达式中的列。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'HumanResources.NewEmployee', N'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE HumanResources.NewEmployee;
GO
CREATE TABLE HumanResources.NewEmployee
(
    EmployeeID int NOT NULL,
    LastName nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
    FirstName nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
    Phone Phone NULL,
    AddressLine1 nvarchar(60) NOT NULL,
    City nvarchar(30) NOT NULL,
    State nchar(3) NOT NULL, 
    PostalCode nvarchar(15) NOT NULL,
    CurrentFlag Flag
);
GO
WITH EmployeeTemp (EmpID, LastName, FirstName, Phone, 
                   Address, City, StateProvince, 
                   PostalCode, CurrentFlag)
AS (SELECT 
        e.EmployeeID, c.LastName, c.FirstName, c.Phone,
        a.AddressLine1, a.City, sp.StateProvinceCode, 
        a.PostalCode, e.CurrentFlag
    FROM HumanResources.Employee e
        INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeeAddress AS ea
        ON e.EmployeeID = ea.EmployeeID
        INNER JOIN Person.Address AS a
        ON ea.AddressID = a.AddressID
        INNER JOIN Person.StateProvince AS sp
        ON a.StateProvinceID = sp.StateProvinceID
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact as c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    )
INSERT INTO HumanResources.NewEmployee 
    SELECT EmpID, LastName, FirstName, Phone, 
           Address, City, StateProvince, PostalCode, CurrentFlag
    FROM EmployeeTemp;
GO

L. 将 OUTPUT 用于标识列和计算列

下面的示例创建 EmployeeSales 表,然后使用 INSERT 语句向其中插入若干行,并使用 SELECT 语句从源表中检索数据。EmployeeSales 表包含标识列 (EmployeeID) 和计算列 (ProjectedSales)。由于这些值是在插入操作期间由数据库引擎生成的,因此,不能在 @MyTableVar 中定义上述两列。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks ;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ('dbo.EmployeeSales', 'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE dbo.EmployeeSales;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.EmployeeSales
( EmployeeID   int IDENTITY (1,5)NOT NULL,
  LastName     nvarchar(20) NOT NULL,
  FirstName    nvarchar(20) NOT NULL,
  CurrentSales money NOT NULL,
  ProjectedSales AS CurrentSales * 1.10 
);
GO
DECLARE @MyTableVar table(
  LastName     nvarchar(20) NOT NULL,
  FirstName    nvarchar(20) NOT NULL,
  CurrentSales money NOT NULL
  );

INSERT INTO dbo.EmployeeSales (LastName, FirstName, CurrentSales)
  OUTPUT INSERTED.LastName, 
         INSERTED.FirstName, 
         INSERTED.CurrentSales
  INTO @MyTableVar
    SELECT c.LastName, c.FirstName, sp.SalesYTD
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
        INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS sp
        ON e.EmployeeID = sp.SalesPersonID 
        INNER JOIN Person.Contact AS c
        ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    WHERE e.EmployeeID LIKE '2%'
    ORDER BY c.LastName, c.FirstName;

SELECT LastName, FirstName, CurrentSales
FROM @MyTableVar;
GO
SELECT EmployeeID, LastName, FirstName, CurrentSales, ProjectedSales
FROM dbo.EmployeeSales;
GO

M. 插入从 OUTPUT 子句返回的数据

下例捕获从 MERGE 语句的 OUTPUT 子句返回的数据,并将该数据插入另一个表。MERGE 语句根据在 SalesOrderDetail 表中处理的订单,每天更新 ProductInventory 表的 Quantity 列。它还会删除库存降为 0 的产品行。该示例捕获被删除的行,并将其插入另一个表 ZeroInventory,该表用于跟踪没有库存的产品。

复制代码
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID(N'Production.ZeroInventory', N'U') IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE Production.ZeroInventory;
GO
--Create ZeroInventory table.
CREATE TABLE Production.ZeroInventory (ProductID int);
GO

INSERT INTO Production.ZeroInventory (ProductID)
SELECT ProductID
FROM
(   MERGE Production.ProductInventory AS pi
    USING (SELECT ProductID, SUM(OrderQty) FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail AS sod
           JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader AS soh
           ON sod.SalesOrderID = soh.SalesOrderID
           AND soh.OrderDate = '20030401'
           GROUP BY ProductID) AS src (ProductID, OrderQty)
    ON (pi.ProductID = src.ProductID)
    WHEN MATCHED AND pi.Quantity - src.OrderQty <= 0
        THEN DELETE
    WHEN MATCHED
        THEN UPDATE SET pi.Quantity = pi.Quantity - src.OrderQty
    OUTPUT $action, deleted.ProductID) AS Changes (Action, ProductID)
WHERE Action = 'DELETE';
GO
SELECT ProductID FROM Production.ZeroInventory; 

请参阅

参考
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