A
ASIC（专用集成电路）
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware
in a chip.
专用集成电路。一个在一个芯片上定制设计的硬件。
address bus （地址总线）
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher
als withwhich itcommunicates. The address bus is used by the processor to se
lect aspecific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. I
f the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely ad
dress up to 2^n such locations.
一个连接处理器与所有外设的，用来通讯的电子线路集。地址总线被处理器用来选择在
特定外设中的存储器地址或寄存器。如果地址总线有n条电子线路，处理器能唯一寻址高
达2^n的地址空间。
application software（应用软件）
Describes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. Theapp
lication software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simp
lybecause each embedded system has a different application.
用来描述一个特定的嵌入式项目中的某一软件模块。应用软件不象可重用的交叉嵌入式
平台，只是因为每一个嵌入式系统有不同的应用软件。
assembler（汇编编译器）
A software development tool that translates human-readable assembly language
programs into machine-language instructions that the processor can understan
dand execute.
一个能把人可读的汇编语言程序转换到处理器可理解和运行的机器指令的软件开发工具
。
assembly language（汇编语言）
A human-readable form of a processor"s instruction set. Most processor-speci
fic functions must be written in assembly language.
一种人可读的处理器指令集的形式。大多数处理器相关的功能必须用汇编语言编写。
B
BSP（板卡支持包）
See board support package.
见board support package。
binary semaphore(二元信号)
A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex.
一种只有两种状态的信号。也叫互斥信号。
board support package（板卡支持包）
Part of a software package that is processor or platform-dependent. Typicall
y,sample source code for the board support package is provided by the packag
e developer. The sample code must be modified as necessary, compiled, and li
nked with the remainder of the software package.
软件包的具有平台依赖性的那一部分。典型地，板卡支持包的样例源程序由包开发者提
供。样例源程序必须能在需要时被修改、编译并与软件包的剩下的部分连接起来。
bond-out processor （外合处理器）
A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals broug
ht out to external pins. A bond-out processor is most often found within an
emulator and is never intended to be used in a production system.
一种特殊版本的处理器，它有一些，内部的信号能传达到外置的针脚上。一个外合处
理器绝大多数情况下只用在模拟器上，从来不会被特意用在产品系统上。
Breakpoint （断点）
A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of t
he processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing
breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools.
一个在程序中的地址，在那里程序的执行被停止，并且处理器的控制转换到了除错程
序。大多数除错工具提供增加与删除一个断点的机制。
C
CISC（复杂指令集计算机）
Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor
family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, mult
iple addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose
registers. Intel"s 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC. Contr
ast with RISC.
复杂指令集计算机。对一种处理器架构的描述。CISC处理器一般产生变长的指令，多
种地址格式，并且仅仅有少量的通用寄存器。Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC处理器
。相对于RISC而言。
CPU（中央处理器）
Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions.
中央处理器。处理器中执行指令的那一部分。
Compiler（编译器）
A software development tool that translates high-level language programs int
o the machine-language instructions that a particular processor can understa
nd and execute.
把高级编程语言程序转换到只有特定的处理器能了解和执行的机器指令的一种软件开发
包。
context （上下文）
The current state of the processor"s registers and flags.
处理器当前的状态和标志。
context switch（上下文切换）
The process of switching from one task to another in a multitasking operatin
g system. A context switch involves saving the context of the running task a
nd restoring the previously-saved context of the other. The piece of code th
at does this is necessarily processor-specific.
在多任务操作系统中我一个任务切换到另一个的过程。上下文切换包括保存正在运行的
任务的上下文和恢复早先保存的另一个任务的上下文。做这个工作的一段代码必须具有
处理器特权。
counting semaphore（计数信号）
A type of semaphore that is used to track multiple resources of the same typ
e. An attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the ava
ilable resources are in use. Contrast with binary semaphore.
一种用来跟踪多个相同类型资源的信号灯。仅仅在所有可用的资源都被用完了时才阻塞
。相对二元信号而言。
critical section（临界段）
A block of code that must be executed in sequence and without interruption t
o guarantee correct operation of the software. See also race condition.
一段必须按次序执行的代码，并且不能被中断，否则不能保证软件正确地操作。参照：
竞争状况。
cross-compiler（交叉编译器）
A compiler that runs on a different platform than the one for which it prod
uces object code. A cross-compiler runs on a host computer and produces obje
ct code for the target.
一个运行在不同的平台上的编译器，其中之一能产生目标代码。交叉编译器在主机上运
行并且产生目标机的目标代码。
D
DMA（直接内存访问）
Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two
peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal interventi
on by the processor. DMA transfers are managed by a third peripheral called
a DMA controller.
直接内存访问。一种直接在两个外设（通常是内存和I/O设备）之间进行数据传输的技术
，它只要处理器最少的介入。DMA传输由叫DMA控制器的第三方外设进行管理。
DRAM（动态随机访问存储器）
Dynamic Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that maintains its contents only
as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals.
The refresh cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM cont
roller.
动态随机访问存储器。一种RAM，存储在其设备中的数据被定期刷新时才能保存它的内容
。刷新周期一般由一个叫DRAM控制器的外设完成。
Data bus（数据总线）
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher
als with which it communicates. When the processor wants to read (write) the
contents of a memory location or register within a particular peripheral, i
t sets the address bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the conte
nts on the data bus.
连接处理器与所有外设进行通讯的电子线路集。当一个处理器想去写（读）某一特定外
设中的存储器地址或寄存器中的内容时，处理器设置地址总线并在数据总线上接收（传
输）内容。
Deadline（死线）
The time at which a particular set of computations must be completed. See al
so real-time system.
一个特定计算必须被完成的时间。请看实时系统。
Deadlock（死锁）
An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, w
aiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a dea
dlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usu
ally possible to prevent deadlocks altogether by following certain software
design practices.
一种不希望出现的软件状态，在这个状态下，所有的任务因为等待一个只有在这些被阻
塞任务之一才能产生的事件而被阻塞。如果死锁发生，唯一解决的方法是重启动硬件。
但是，通过可靠的软件设计实践活动通常可以防止死锁的发生。
debug monitor（除错监视程序）
A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for use as
a debugging tool. It usually resides in ROM and communicates with a debugger
via a serial port or network connection. The debug monitor provides a set o
f primitive commands to view and modify memory locations and registers, crea
te and remove breakpoints, and execute your program. The debugger combines t
hese primitives to fulfill higher-level requests like program download and s
ingle-step.
嵌入式软件被特殊设计来作为除错工具的一部分。它一般被放在ROM中，通过串口或网络
与除错器进行通讯。除错监视程序提供一个简单的命令集来显示和内存地址和寄存器、
建立和移除断点，并且运行你的程序。除错监视器组合这些简单的命令去实现象程序下
载各单步调试等高端的请求。
Debugger（除错器）
A software development tool used to test and debug embedded software. The de
bugger runs on a host computer and connects to the target through a serial p
ort or network connection. Using a debugger you can download software to the
target for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints and examine th
e contents of specific memory locations and registers.
一个软件开发工具，被用来对嵌入式软件进行测试和除错。除错器在宿主机上运行并且
通过串口或网络连接到目标机上。你能使用除错器下载软件到目标机并直接运行。你也
可以设置断点并检查特定内存地址或寄存器的内容。
device driver（设备驱动程序）
A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and prov
ides a high-level programming interface to it.
一个软件模块，它隐藏特定外设的细节并提供高级的外设编程接口。
device programmer（设备编程器）
A tool for programming non-volatile memories and other electrically-program
mable devices. Typically, the programmable device is inserted into a socket
on the device programmer and the contents of a memory buffer are then transf
erred into it.
一种用来对不挥发内存和其他电可编程设备进行编程的工具。典型地，可编程设备被插
到设备编程器的接口上，接着内存缓存器中的内容被传送到它里面。
digital signal processor（数字信号处理器）
A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU h
as been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal pro
cessing. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually s
upport a set of complex instructions to perform common signal-processing com
putations quickly.Common DSP families are TI"s 320Cxx and Motorola"s 5600x s
eries.
一种类似于微处理器的的设备，不同的是它内部的CPU被优化，用于特定的应用，如
离散信号处理。除了标准的微处理器指令外，DSP常常支持复杂指令集去非常快地完成通
用的信号处理计算。通用DSP家庭是TI的320Cxx和Motorola的5600x系列。
E
EEPROM（电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器）
Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (Pronounced"Double-E"-
PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically.
电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器。一种ROM能被电擦除。
EPROM（可擦的，可编程的只读存储器）
Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by
exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed
with the help of a device programmer.
一种可用紫外线擦除的存储器。一次擦除后，EPROM可以在设备编程器的帮助下被重编程
。
embedded system（嵌入式系统）
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mech
anical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cas
es, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case
of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose compu
ter.
计算机硬件和软件的结合体，或许还加上机械等其他部分，被设计来完成专门的功能
。在一些情况下，嵌入式系统是一个大的系统或产品的一部分，就象汽车上的防抱死装
置。与通用计算机相对。
Emulator(仿真器)
Short for In-Circuit Emulator (ICE). A debugging tool that takes the placeof
-emulates-the processor on your target board. Emulators frequently incorpora
te a special "bond-out" version of the target processor that allows you to
observe and record its internal state as your program is executing
. 在线仿真器的简写。一个在你的目标板上放置仿真的处理器的调试工具。仿真器经常
和一目标处理器的一种“外合”版本合在一起，这个版本的的处理器充许你运行程序时
观察和记录它的内部状态。
Executable（可执行的）
A file containing object code that is ready for execution on the target. All
that remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a de
bugging tool.
一个包含准备在目标机上运行的目标代码的文件。放置目标代码到ROM中或通过调试
工具下载。
F
Firmware（固件）
Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is m
ost common among the users of digital signal processors.
是作为目标代码存贮在ROM中的嵌入式软件。这个名字在数字信号处理器的用户中相当流
行。
flash memory （闪存）
A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Su
ch devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually-er
asable. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data stor
age at very low cost. In some cases, a large fash memory may even be used in
stead of a disk-drive.
一种RAM-ROM的混血儿，它能在软件的控制下被擦除和重写。一些设备被分成叫段组
的块，能个别地可擦。闪存用在需要很便宜的非易失数据存贮器的地方，一个大容量的
闪存甚至被用作磁盘驱动器。
G
general-purpose computer（通用计算机）
A combination of computer hardware and software that serves as a
general-purpose computing platform. For example, a personal computer. Contra
st with embedded system.
当作通用计算平台的计算机硬件与软件的组合。例如，PC。相对于嵌入式计算机。
H
HLL
See high-level language.
查阅高级语言。
Heap（堆）
An area of memory that is used for dynamic memory allocation. Calls to mallo
c and free and the C++ operators new and delete result in run-time manipulat
ion of the heap.
一块被用作动态内存分配的内存区域。调用malloc和free、C++的操作符new、delete在
运行时进行堆的操作。
high-level language（高级语言）
A language, such as C or C++, that is processor-independent. When programmin
g in a high-level language, it is possible to concentrate on algorithms and
applications without worrying about the details of a particular processor.
一种语言，象C或C++，是处理器独立的。当在高级语言上编程时，不需要考虑特定处理
器的细节，只用关心算法和应用。
Host（主机）
A general-purpose computer that communicates with the target via a serial po
rt or network connection. This term is usually used to distinguish the compu
ter on which the debugger is running from the embedded system that is being
developed.
一台通用计算机，它通过串口或网络连接与目标机通讯。这处名词一般用来区别调试程
序运行的计算机和被开发的嵌入式系统。
I
ICE
In-Circuit Emulator. See emulator.
在线仿真器。查阅仿真器。
I/O（输入/输出）
Input/Output. The interface between a processor and the world around it. The
simplest examples are switches (inputs) and LEDs (outputs).
输入/输出。处理器与外界的交互界面。最简单的例子是开关（输入）和发光二级管（输
出）。
I/O device（IO设备）
A piece of hardware that interfaces between the processor and the outside wo
rld. Common examples are switches and LEDs, serial ports, and network contro
llers.
一种介于处理器和外界之间的硬件设备。一般的实例是开关、LED、串口和网络控制
器。
I/O map（I/O映射）
A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral
addressable by the processor within the I/O space. I/O maps are a helpful ai
d in getting to know the target.
一张包含每个外设的名字和地址的表格或图表，可由处理器在I/O空间中设定地址。I/O
映射对得知目标机情况非常有利。
I/O space（I/O空间）
A special memory region provided by some processors and generally reserved f
or the attachment of I/O devices. Memory locations and registers within an I
/O space can be accessed only via special instructions. For example, process
ors in the 80x86 family have special I/O space instructions called in and ou
t. Contrast with memory space.
一个由处理器提供的特殊内存区域，一般为为I/O设备的附件保留。在I/O空间的内存位
置和寄存器只能通过特殊的指定进行访问。例如：80X86家族的处理器有叫做in / out的
特殊的I/O空间指令。相对内存空间而言。
ISR（中断服务程序）
See interrupt service routine.
instruction pointer（指令指针）
A register in the processor that contains the address of the next instructio
n to be executed. Also known as a program counter.
包含下一条要执行指令地址的处理器中的寄存器。也叫程序计数器。
Interrupt（中断）
An asynchronous electrical signal from a peripheral to the processor. When t
he peripheral asserts this signal, we say that an interrupt occurs. When an
interrupt occurs, the current state of the processor is saved and an interru
pt service routine is executed. When the interrupt service routine exits, co
ntrol of the processor is returned to whatever part of the software was prev
iously running.
一个从外设到处理器的异步电信号。当外设发出这个信号，我们说一个中断发生。当一
个中断发生，当前的处理器状态被保存并且中断服务程序开始运行。当中断服务程序退
出，对处理器的控制权转到先前运行的那个软件上。
interrupt latency（中断延迟）
The amount of time between the assertion of an interrupt and the start of th
e associated interrupt service routine.
在中断发生和相关的中断服务程序运行之间的时间长短。
interrupt service routine（中断服务程序）
A piece of software executed in response to a particular interrupt.
响应特定中断而运行的一小段软件。
interrupt type（中断类型）
A unique number associated with each interrupt.
和每一个中断相关联的唯一数字。
interrupt vector （中断向量）
The address of an interrupt service routine.
中断服务程序所在的地址。
interrupt vector table（中断向量表）
A table containing interrupt vectors and indexed by interrupt type. This tab
le contains the processor"s mapping between interrupts and interrupt service
routines and must be initialized by the programmer.
一个表格，包含由中断类型决定的中断向量和索引。这个表格包含中断与中断服务程序
之间的处理器的映射，必须由程序员进行初始化。
intertask communication（进程间通讯）
A mechanism used by tasks and interrupt service routines to share informatio
n and synchronize their access to shared resources. The most common building
blocks of intertask communication are semaphores and mutexes.
一种被用来在任务和中断服务程序之间共享信息和同步它们对共享资源访问的机制。大
部分进程间通讯的建立的基石是信号灯和互斥。
K
Kernel（内核）
An essential part of any multitasking operating system, the kernel contains
just the scheduler and context-switch routine.
任何多任务操作系统的本质部分，内核仅仅包含调度程序和上下文切换进程。
L
Linker（连接程序）
A software development tool that accepts one or more object files as input a
nd outputs a relocatable program. The linker is thus run after all of the so
urce files have been compiled or assembled.
一种能把一个或更多目标文件组合成可输入和输出的可重定位程序的开发工具。连接程
序在所有的源文件都被编译或汇编之后运行。
Locator（定位程序）
A software development tool that assigns physical addresses to the relocatab
le program produced by the linker. This is the last step in the preparation
of software for execution by an embedded system and the resulting file is ca
lled an executable. In some cases, the locator"s function may be hidden with
in the linker.
一种分配物理地址给连接程序处理过的可重定位程序的软件开发工具。这是准备一个软
件在嵌入式系统中运行的最后一步，并且结果文件叫做可执行的。在一些情况下，定位
程序功能隐藏在连接程序中。
logic analyzer（逻辑分析仪）
A hardware debugging tool that can be used to capture the logic levels (0 or
1) of dozens, or even hundreds, of electrical signals in real-time. Logic a
nalyzers can be quite helpful for debugging hardware problems and complex pr
ocessor-peripheral interactions.
一种硬件调试工具，能捕获实时电信号的许多逻辑电平（0或1），逻辑分析仪在调试硬
件问题和复杂的处理外设交互时相当有用。
M
memory map（内存映射）
A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral
addressable by the processor within the memory space. Memory maps are a help
ful aid in getting to know the target.
一个在内存空间中的，包含每个外设的名字和可由处理器设置的地址范围的表格或图表
。内存映射有助于了解目标机情况。
memory-mapped I/O（内存映射I/O）
An increasingly common hardware design methodology in which I/O devices are
placed into the memory space rather than the I/O space. From the processor"s
point of view, memory-mapped I/O devices look very much like memory devices
.
一种日益流行的硬件设计方法，在这种方法中，I/O设备被放置在内存空间而不是I/O空
间。从处理器的观点看，内存映射I/O设备看上去很象内存一样。
memory space（内存空间）
A processor"s standard address space. Contrast with I/O space.
一个处理器的标准地址空间。相对I/O空间。
Microcontroller（微控制器）
A microcontroller is very similar to a microprocessor. The main difference i
s that a microcontroller is designed specifically for use in embedded system
s Microcontrollers typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM an
d/or ROM), and other peripherals on the same chip. Common examples are the 8
051, Intel"s 80196, and Motorola"s 68HCxx series.
微控制器很像微处理器。主要的差别在于微控制器被特殊设计用在嵌入式系统中。微控
制器典型地包括CPU、内存（很小的RAM或ROM），还有其他的外设，它们在同一块芯片上
。常见的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx系列。
Microprocessor（微处理器）
A piece of silicon containing a general-purpose CPU. The most common example
s are Intel"s 80x86 and Motorola"s 680x0 families.
一片包含通用CPU的硅片。常见的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola 680x0系列。
Monitor（监视器）
In the context of this book, a debug monitor. However, there is a second mea
ning for this word that is associated with intertask communication. In that
context, a monitor is a language-level synchronization feature.
在这本书的上下文中，是指调试监视器。然而，第二个意思与任务间通讯相关联。在那
个上下文中，监视器是高级同步机制的特性。
Multiprocessing（多处理）
The use of more than one processor in a single computer system. So-called "m
ultiprocessor systems" usually have a common memory space through which the
processors can communicate and share data. In addition, some multiprocessor
systems support parallel processing.
在单个的计算机系统中有多个处理器。被叫作“多处理器系统”的一般有公用的内存空
间，处理器通过它们进行通讯和共享数据。另外，一些多处理器系统支持并行处理。
Multitasking （多任务）
The execution of multiple software routines in pseudo-parallel. Each routine
represents a separate "thread of execution" and is referred to as a task. T
he operating system is responsible for simulating parallelism by parceling o
ut the processor"s time.
伪并行运行的多个软件程序。每一个程序表现得像分开的“执行的线程”并且被看作是
一个任务。操作系统通过分配处理器时间来模拟并行方式。
Mutex（互斥）
A data structure for mutual exclusion, also known as a binary semaphore. A m
utex is basically just a multitasking-aware binary flag that can be used to
synchronize the activities of multiple tasks. As such, it can be used to pro
tect critical sections of the code from interruption and shared resources fr
om simultaneous use.
表现互斥现象的数据结构，也被当作二元信号灯。一个互斥基本上是一个多任务敏感的
二元信号，它能用作同步多任务的行为，它常用作保护从中断来的临界段代码并且在共
享同步使用的资源。
mutual exclusion（互斥现象）
A guarantee of exclusive access to a shared resource. In embedded systems, t
he shared resource is typically a block of memory, a global variable, or a s
et of registers. Mutual exclusion can be achieved with the use of a semaphor
e or mutex.
唯一访问共享资源的保证。在嵌入式系统中，共享的资源典型的有内存块或寄存器组。
互斥现象能由使用信号灯或互斥完成。
N
NVRAM
Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that retains its data even
when the system is powered down. NVRAM frequently consists of an SRAM and a
long-life battery.
非易失的随机访问存储器。一种能在系统关机的情况下保持它的数据的RAM。NVRAM常常
由SRAM和长寿命电池组成。
O
OTP
See one-time programmable.
object code（目标代码）
A set of processor-readable opcodes and data. The output of compilers,assemb
lers, linkers, and locators are files containing object code.
处理器能读的操作码和数据。编译器、汇编器、连接器和定位器的输出文件都含有目标
代码。
object file（目标文件）
A file containing object code. The output of a compiler or assembler.
包含目标代码的文件。编译器或汇编器的输出。
one-time programmable（一次可编程的）
Any programmable device, like a PROM, that can be programmed just once by th
e end user. However, this term is used almost exclusively to refer to microc
ontrollers with on-chip PROM.
任一可编程的设备，像PROM，仅仅能被最终用户编程一次。然而，这个术语一般被专有
地使用在拥有片上PROM的微控制器上。
opcode
A sequence of bits that is recognized by the processor as one of the instruc
tions in its instruction set.
一串被处理器验证过的二进制位的序列，它作为其指令集的一个子集。
operating system（操作系统）
A piece of software that makes multitasking possible. An operating system ty
pically consists of a set of function calls, or software interrupts, and a p
eriodic clock tick. The operating system is responsible for deciding which t
ask should be using the processor at a given time and for controlling access
to shared resources.
使多任务能够实现的一个软件。一个操作系统典型地由一个函数调用集、软件中断和定
期时钟周期组成。一个操作系统负责决定哪一个任务在给定的时间将使用处理器，并且
控制对共享资源的访问。
Oscilloscope（示波器）
A hardware debugging tool that allows you to view the voltage on one or more
electrical lines. For example, you might use an oscilloscope to determine i
f a particular interrupt is currently asserted.
一种硬件调试工具，它让你能观察到一个或更多电路上的电压。例如：如果一个特殊的
中断发生，你可以用一个示波器去检测它。
P
PROM（可编程只读存储器）
Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be written (programmed
) with a device programmer. These memory devices can be programmed only once
, so they are sometimes referred to as write-once or one-time programmable d
evices.
可编程只读存储器。能被设备编程器写的一种ROM。这种内存设备可以被编程一次，所以
它们有时被作为写一次或一次性编程设备来看待。
parallel processing（并行进程）
The ability to apply two or more processors to a single computation.
一种在单个计算机上运行两个或多个程序的能力。
Peripheral （外设）
A piece of hardware other than the processor, usually memory or an I/O devic
e. The peripheral may reside within the same chip as the processor, in which
case it is called an internal peripheral.
一种不同于处理器的硬件设备，常指内存或I/O设备。外设经常和处理器在一片芯片上，
在这种情况下，它被称为集成外设。
physical address（物理地址）
The actual address that is placed on the address bus when accessing a memory
location or register.
当访问内存位置或寄存器时，在地址总线上的真实的地址。
Preemptive（抢先）
A scheduler is said to be preemptive if it allows the running task to be sus
pended when a higher-priority task becomes ready. Non-preemptive schedulers
are easier to implement but less appropriate for embedded systems.
当一个高优先级的任务准备好时，充许正在运行的任务被挂起的调度策略被称为优先。
无优先的调度策略更容易实现一些但适合在嵌入式系统中使用。
Polling(轮询)
A method of interfacing with hardware that involves repeatedly reading a sta
tus register until the device has reached the awaited state. Device drivers
are either polling or interrupt-driven, with the latter being more generally
preferred.
一种硬件交互方法，不断读状态寄存器，直到设备进入等待状态。设备驱动程序不是轮
询的就是中断驱动的，后一种越来越成为首选的。
Priority（优先）
The relative importance of one task compared to another.
一个任务与其他任务相比的重要关系。
priority inversion（优先转置）
An unwanted software situation in which a high-priority task is delayed whil
e waiting for access to a shared resource that is not even being used at the
time. For all practical purposes, the priority of this task has been lowere
d during the delay period.
一种不希望发生的软件状态，在此状态一个高优先级任务因为等待访问一个那时不再使
用的共享资源而被延迟。在所有的实践目标中，这个任务的优先级在延迟周期内都被降
低。
Process（进程）
A word that is often confused with task or thread. The crucial distinction i
s that all of the tasks in a system share a common memory space. Processes,
on the other hand, always have their own private memory space. Processes are
common in multi-user systems but are rarely, if ever, found in embedded sys
tems.
这个名词经常与任务或线程混淆。至关重要的差别在于系统中的所有任务共享公共的内
存空间。进程，另一方面，常常有它们自己的私有内存空间。进程在多用户系统中，但
少有地，如有可能，也可在嵌入式系统中。
Processor（处理器）
A generic term that does not distinction between microprocessor, microcontro
ller, and digital signal processor.
一个对于微处理器、微控制器他数字信号处器无差别的通用术语。
processor family（处理器族）
A set of related processors, usually successive generations from the same ma
nufacturer. For example, Intel"s 80x86 family began with the 8086 and now in
cludes the 80186, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, and many others. The later models
in a family are typically backwards-compatible with the ones that came befor
e.
一个相关的处理器集，常常连续地从一个生产商产生。例如：Intel"s 80x86族开始从8
086开始，现在有80186, 286, 386, 486, Pentium及其他。在一个族中，稍后的产品典
型地向后兼容在它以前生产的产品。
processor-independent（处理器无关）
A piece of software that is independent of the processor on which it will be
run. Most programs that can be written in a high-level language are process
or-independent. Contrast with processor-specific.
一个与处理器无关的，并能在其上运行的软件。大多数用高级语言编写程序是处理器无
关的。相对于处理器定制。
processor-specific（处理器定制）
A piece of software that is highly dependent on the processor on which it wi
ll be run. Such code must usually be written in assembly language. Contrast
with processor-independent.
一个高度依赖处理器的软件，在上其才能运行。一些代码必须用汇编语言编写。相对于
处理器无关。
| R |
V
volatile（动态）
A value that may change without the intervention of software is said to be volatile. For example, values within the registers of some I/O devices may change in response to external events. C"s volatile keyword should be used to warn your compiler about any pointers that point to such registers. This will ensure that the actual value is reread each time the data is used.
一个可能不需要软件的的干涉就可改变的值被叫作动态。例如：在一些I/O设备的寄存器的值可能在响应外部事件时被改变。C语言中的volatile关键字被用来警告你的编译器那是一个指向一些寄存器的指针，请不要优化它。这个将确认在数据使用中的每一时间实际的值是要重新读入的。
W
watchdog timer（看门狗定时器）
A hardware timer that is periodically reset by software. If the software crashesor hangs, the watchdog timer will expire, and the entire system will be reset automatically.
一种由软件定时重设的硬件定时器。如果软件被破坏而挂起，看门狗定时器将超时，整个系统将自动重启。
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