毕业设计 基于wifi的室内定位算法设计与实现


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🚩 毕业设计 wifi室内定位系统

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毕业设计 wifi室内定位算法实现

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简介

今天来介绍一下室内定位相关的原理以及实现方法;

WIFI全称WirelessFidelity,在中文里又称作“行动热点”,是Wi-Fi联盟制造商的商标做为产品的品牌认证,是一个创建于IEEE 802.11标准的无线局域网技术。基于两套系统的密切相关,也常有人把Wi-Fi当做IEEE 802.11标准的同义术语。“Wi-Fi”常被写成“WiFi”或“Wifi”,但是它们并没有被Wi-Fi联盟认可。它的最大优点就是传输速度较高,可以达到11Mbps,另外它的有效距离也很长,同时也与已有的各种802.11 DSSS设备兼容。

wifi定位的本质实际上是基站式定位, 是依靠wifi AP以自身为中心, 向外辐射逐渐衰弱的指纹来进行定位的.

wifi定位背景和意义

GPS难以解决室内环境下的一些定位问题,大部分室内环境下都存在WiFi,因此利用WiFi进行定位无需额外部署硬件设备,是一个非常节省成本的方法。然而WiFi并不是专门为定位而设计的,传统的基于时间和角度的定位方法并不适用于WiFi。近十年来,在室内WiFi场景下的定位中,位置指纹法被广泛研究和采用。本文对WiFi位置指纹法进行综述,提出了这个领域面临的挑战,介绍最新的研究,以及提供一些实际的指导。

基本原理

什么是wifi指纹

“位置指纹”把实际环境中的位置和某种“指纹”联系起来,一个位置对应一个独特的指纹。这个指纹可以是单维或多维的,比如待定位设备在接收或者发送信息,那么指纹可以是这个信息或信号的一个特征或多个特征(最常见的是信号强度)。如果待定位设备是在发送信号,由一些固定的接收设备感知待定位设备的信号或信息然后给它定位,这种方式常常叫做远程定位或者网络定位。如果是待定位设备接收一些固定的发送设备的信号或信息,然后根据这些检测到的特征来估计自身的位置,这种方式可称为自身定位。待定位移动设备也许会把它检测到的特征传达给网络中的服务器节点,服务器可以利用它所能获得的所有信息来估计移动设备的位置(翻译存疑…),这种方式可称为混合定位。在所有的这些方式中,都需要把感知到的信号特征拿去匹配一个数据库中的信号特征,这个过程可以看作一个模式识别的问题。

wifi指纹由什么组成

位置指纹可以是多种类型的,任何“位置独特”的(对区分位置有帮助的)特征都能被用来做为一个位置指纹。比如某个位置上通信信号的多径结构、某个位置上是否能检测到接入点或基站、某个位置上检测到的来自基站信号的RSS(接收信号强度)、某个位置上通信时信号的往返时间或延迟,这些都能作为一个位置指纹,或者也可以将其组合起来作为位置指纹。

wifi指纹定位实现方法

wifi定位方法基本上可以分为两大类:

不基于RSSI
  • TOA(time ofarrival)
  • TDOA(time difference of arrival)
  • AOA(angle of arrival)
基于RSSI

在智能手机上,可以通过系统SDK获取到周围各个AP(Access Point)发送的信号强度RSSI及AP地址,利用RSSI来定位目前看来是最可行的方法,因此下面着重介绍,基于RSSI定位主要有两个算法:三角定位算法,指纹算法。

定位算法
  • 随机方法
    将测试点(Test Point, TP)的预测位置设为任一参考点(Reference Point,RP)的位置。

  • KNN方法
    KNN方法的主要思路是:找出与TP的WiFi指纹相似度最高的K个RP,然后平均这K个RP对应的位置,最终得到TP的位置。

  • Prob方法
    Prob方法的主要思路是:通过贝叶斯公式,计算TP出现在每个RP上的后验概率,取k个概率最大的RP,然后平均这K个RP对应的位置,最终得到TP的位置。

  • Stg方法
    Stg方法是KNN方法的一种改进方法,它通过TP的k个信号最强的信号接入点来筛选RP,然后再应用KNN方法。

  • Gk方法
    GK方法的主要思路是通过高斯核密度估计器(Gaussian Kernel Density Estimator,GKDE)计算每个指纹位置的相对过饱和度的可能性,并通过平均与最高似然值对应的位置来确定TP的位置。

基于无线信号的三边(三角定位)

   这个方法来自于传统的定位方法,类似GPS,假如我们能够获得我们待定位点相对于其它基站的距离或者角度,通过交会列多元方程组求解的方法可以求出我们所在的位置,当然了,实际情况中往往不是求解刚好够定位的方程组,而是用多余的观测值然后利用最小二乘估计方法来估计位置。以下图为例,对于三个基站,我们如果能够获得信号发射和接受的时间差,那么就可以通过时间差和光速传播来求取距离从而获得定位。

   但是,对于普通的WiFi,蓝牙信号,要想求出从信号发射到信号接收之间的时间差,基本是不可能的。因为你要保持两边的时间同步,才能通过发射时间和接收时间来求取时间差,考虑到c光速的巨大,时间差一点点距离就能差非常远。所以基本不可能通过时间差的方法来进行定位。

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   那么室内定位里面的三边定位是怎么实现的呢?

   我们知道,只要求取当前目标和各个基站的距离,就能求解目标位置。而这个距离既然不能通过时间和光速之积来获得,我们可以通过另一个方法来获得,那就是信号衰减模型,如下图所示,我们知道在离线状态下,无线信号强度在空间中传播随着距离衰减! 而这个无线信号强度对于手机上的接收器来说是可测的!那么根据测试到的信号强度,是不是可以根据下图的衰减模型(公式)来反推出距离呢,那么这样不就又可以用三边定位了。

地图绘制
数据采集点位置

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AP点位置

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测试结果

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算法实现效果

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详细设计论文
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最后

项目运行效果:

毕业设计 wifi室内定位算法实现

🧿 项目分享:见文末!

室内定位算法,有助于研究者认清研究方向,给定位算法一个准确的描述,是很好的参考教材。the possibility for the user to be notified by visible and Waveformof Distance audible warnings using buzzer and led ar to Very close to al 1903 Tme「 samples Fig 4 Distance measurement using the RSSi signal The system is used to determine the distance between Fig. 2. Tag4M Data Acquisition System tags and 2, 3, 4 or more APs. The tag scans after the aps ⅣV. EXPERIMENTS and sends the rssi values for each ap to the ap which is associated The system presented above can be used for objects or In order to read the corresponding rSsi values of all people localization in an indoor enviro found access points, a""operation is implemented at Let's suppose a building where several objects are Tag4M level. The time to scan is smaller than few distributed all over milliseconds, because the tag doesnt associate with the all For a better understanding of the system, it is showed an APs. These values are sent to a pC where the localization experiment where the objects are placed only at one floor. algorithm is implemented in LabVIFW20 10 (see Fig. 5) Each of these objects has attached a tag. The devices are Table I presents a scan operation result. In this case used to determine the location of the objects in the four APs(which are placed in the floor building)named building and the distance between tags and APs. To Hawk, Helicopter, Tag4M and WitagServer are detected measure the distance, the RSSI is processed. This method The corresponding rSSi values(in dBm) measured by the is not very accurate and is strong depended to the Tag4M are reported for every AP environment, but is very easy to implement with the TABLE 1. A SEQUENCE OF RESULTS FOR THE SCANOPERATION The Fig 3 presents the experiment environment for one EXFCUTED ON THE TAG4M DEVICE oor where the colored circles represents the APs and the rectangles represents the objects intended to be located This floor is divided in six rooms separated by walls RSSI Scan results: 4 Time Ssid Ch ad-Iloc Sec wps mac Address erp WMM SSI Supported Rates(Mbits, Mandatory) Crypto Suites CW Max/min AP SCAN. llawk. -57 dBm AP SCAN, Helicopter, -50 dBm, AP SCAN, Tag4M.-68 dBm AP SCAN. WitagServer. -45 dBm The Rssi values are converted to distance values using formula(1) The value of the received signal strength is a function of the transmitted power and the distance between the Fig 3. The Experiment Environment sender and the receiver. The received signal strength will decrease when the distance increases as the following First step in finding the location is distance equation shows [23] measurement using the RSSI signal. The experiment for computing the distance is presented in Fig. 4. The RSSI(IOn- logo+A)(1) experimental precisions of measurements are less than 5 meters Where: lal propagation constant al d propagation exponent. d represents the distance from sender, A represents the received signal strength at a distance of one meter worn even by people. The system runs on batterie w sSID having a characteristic life time of a couple of years and 回H offers a platform for sensor measurements. Thus, the system can use any existent infrastructure, with significant decrease of implementation costs REFERENCES [1] H. Liu, H. Darabi, P. Banerjee and J. Liu, ""Survey of wireless Distance 2 Tn] aRch Indoor Positioning Techniques and SystemS", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS. MAN. AND CYBERNETICS-PART C: APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS VOL 37, NO 6, NOVEMBER 2007, pp. 1067-10801 Distance 3[] [2 Want, A. Hopper, V. FalcaO, J. Gibbons, "The Active Budge 4MDastDct v Location System, ACM Transactions on Information Systems vol. 10, no l, January 1992, pp 91-102. Fig. 5. Block Diagram of the localization program [3] Firefly Motion Tracking System User's guide", vcrsion 2.2 December 1999 http://www.gesturecentral.com/firefly/fireflyuserguide.pdf The application compute the distances between the Wi- [4] Northen Digilal Inc. Website, Oplotrak PROseries, 2011 Fi Tags placed on targets and the APs placed in indoor http:/www.ndigital.com/industrial/optotrakproseries-family.php [5] E. Aitenbichler, M. Mhlhuser, An /R Local Positioning System for environment. For this case, three APs are enough but the Smart Items and Devices Proc. 23rd IEEE Internationa number of Aps can be increased for obtaining more Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops accurate position estimation. The distances between the TWSAWC03), 2003 Wi-fiTagsandeachAparerepresentedascirclesasit[6]topaz,2004,http:/www.tadlys.co.il/pAges/productcontent.asp?igi bald=2 can be seen in Fig. 6, having the centre in the AP locations [7 A. Kotanen, M. Hannikainen, H. Leppakoski, and T. D which have previously known coordinates. The target's Hamalaincn, E.cperiments on local positioning with Bluetoothin position is given by the point at the intersection of the Proc. IEEE Int Conf. Inf. Technol. Comput. Commun., Apr 2003 three circles PP.297-303 [8 J. Hallberg, M. Nilsson, and k. Synnes, "Positioning with Bluetooth"in Proc. Ieee 10th Int Conf. Telecommun. Mar. 2003 ol.2,pp.954958 9 Active bat website. 2008 http:/www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research!dtg/attarchive/bat/ [10] Hazas, M, Hopper, A, "A Novel Brucdbund Ultrasonic Locution System for Improved Indoor Positioning IEEE Transactions on mobile Computing. Vol 5, No 5, May 2006 [11 N B Priyantha, The Cricket Indoor Location System", PhD thes MIT.2005 2]SonitorSystemWebsite2011,http://www.sonitor.com/ [13] Minami M, Fukuju Y, Hirasawa K, Yokoyama S, Mizumachi M Aoyama T ,"Dolphin. A practical approach for implementing a fully distributed indoor ultrasonic positioning system", Ubicomp, 2004, 347-365 Fig. 6. Front Panel of the localization program 14]J. Ilightower, R. Want, and G. borriello, SpotON: An indoor 3D cation sensing technology hased on RF signal strength"Univ The simplicity and cost efficiency of the rssi based Washington, Seattle, Tech Rep UW CSE 2000-02-02, Feb. 2000 localization make the proposed system a desired candidate 15]L. M. Ni, Y. Liu, Y. C. Lau, and A. P. Patil,"LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID Wireless Netw., vol 10, no 6 for specific applications like tracking and positioning svstems hP.701-70.N0v.200 Zebra Technologies Corporation eb sit http://www.7ebra.com/id/zebra/na/en/index/products/location/isoie c 24730 2html V. CONCLUSION [17 P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An in-building rf based user location and tracking system, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, voL 2 In this paper, an indoor localization system based on March200,pp.775784 ultra-low power Wi-Fi technology and designed to 18Ekahau2011,http://www.ekahau.com: [19] T. King, S. Kopf, T. Haenselmann, C. Lubberger and w determine location of objects in a closed environment is Effelsberg, "COMPASS: A Probabilistic Indoor Positioning System proposed gILo rOC In the first part of this paper a survey of existing indoor Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation and Cllaracterization (WiNTECID), Los Angeles, CA, USA positioning systems was made In the second part was presented the way in which an [20] Convert sensor data to web pages using a Cloud Instrument, june object can be localized by using access points and Tag 4M 2011.http://www.tag4m.com devices which may read the rssi values [21Tag4mDatasheet2010,http://test.tag4m.com/wp- content/uploads/20/03/Tag4M Prod Datasheet Revised3. pdf The importance of the proposed system lies in ultra-low [22] Aamodt, K.(2006). CC2431 Location Engine, Application Note power and Wi-Fi transmission capabilities that are An042,fromhttp://focus.tii.co.ip/ip/lit/an/swra095/swra095.pdf embedded in a very small package, why they are suitable 320
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