本文介绍使用 libcurl 实现邮件客户端的方法，包括基本的 SMTP 发送、SSL 加密发送及 TLS 加密升级过程。通过三个示例代码展示了如何配置 libcurl 进行邮件发送，并提供了调试建议。
C/C++：libcurl smtp 邮件客户端（MUA）
最近在研究关于邮件的一些东西，需要实现个自己的邮件客户端，也就是类似于Foxmail那样的东西。
网上找了下感觉使用libcurl比较便捷靠谱（当然，还有esmtp等库）。
先放几个主要的libcurl官方的Sample，然后相关内容我晚点再整理下。
Sample 1：（最常用的最简单的，模拟MUA发送邮件到MTA）
/***************************************************************************
* _ _ ____ _
* Project ___| | | | _ \| |
* / __| | | | |_) | |
* | (__| |_| | _ <| |___
* \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
*
* Copyright (C) 1998 - 2017, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
*
* This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
* you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
* are also available at https://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html.
*
* You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
*
* This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied.
*
***************************************************************************/
/* <DESC>
* Send e-mail with SMTP
* </DESC>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>
/*
* For an SMTP example using the multi interface please see smtp-multi.c.
*/
/* The libcurl options want plain addresses, the viewable headers in the mail
* can very well get a full name as well.
*/
#define FROM_ADDR "<sender@example.org>"
#define TO_ADDR "<addressee@example.net>"
#define CC_ADDR "<info@example.org>"
#define FROM_MAIL "Sender Person " FROM_ADDR
#define TO_MAIL "A Receiver " TO_ADDR
#define CC_MAIL "John CC Smith " CC_ADDR
static const char *payload_text[] = {
"Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2010 21:54:29 +1100\r\n",
"To: " TO_MAIL "\r\n",
"From: " FROM_MAIL "\r\n",
"Cc: " CC_MAIL "\r\n",
"Message-ID: <dcd7cb36-11db-487a-9f3a-e652a9458efd@"
"rfcpedant.example.org>\r\n",
"Subject: SMTP example message\r\n",
"\r\n", /* empty line to divide headers from body, see RFC5322 */
"The body of the message starts here.\r\n",
"\r\n",
"It could be a lot of lines, could be MIME encoded, whatever.\r\n",
"Check RFC5322.\r\n",
NULL
};
struct upload_status {
int lines_read;
};
static size_t payload_source(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userp)
{
struct upload_status *upload_ctx = (struct upload_status *)userp;
const char *data;
if((size == 0) || (nmemb == 0) || ((size*nmemb) < 1)) {
return 0;
}
data = payload_text[upload_ctx->lines_read];
if(data) {
size_t len = strlen(data);
memcpy(ptr, data, len);
upload_ctx->lines_read++;
return len;
}
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
CURL *curl;
CURLcode res = CURLE_OK;
struct curl_slist *recipients = NULL;
struct upload_status upload_ctx;
upload_ctx.lines_read = 0;
curl = curl_easy_init();
if(curl) {
/* This is the URL for your mailserver */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, "smtp://mail.example.com");
/* Note that this option isn't strictly required, omitting it will result
* in libcurl sending the MAIL FROM command with empty sender data. All
* autoresponses should have an empty reverse-path, and should be directed
* to the address in the reverse-path which triggered them. Otherwise,
* they could cause an endless loop. See RFC 5321 Section 4.5.5 for more
* details.
*/
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_FROM, FROM_ADDR);
/* Add two recipients, in this particular case they correspond to the
* To: and Cc: addressees in the header, but they could be any kind of
* recipient. */
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, TO_ADDR);
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, CC_ADDR);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT, recipients);
/* We're using a callback function to specify the payload (the headers and
* body of the message). You could just use the CURLOPT_READDATA option to
* specify a FILE pointer to read from. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, payload_source);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READDATA, &upload_ctx);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, 1L);
/* Send the message */
res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
/* Check for errors */
if(res != CURLE_OK)
fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_perform() failed: %s\n",
curl_easy_strerror(res));
/* Free the list of recipients */
curl_slist_free_all(recipients);
/* curl won't send the QUIT command until you call cleanup, so you should
* be able to re-use this connection for additional messages (setting
* CURLOPT_MAIL_FROM and CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT as required, and calling
* curl_easy_perform() again. It may not be a good idea to keep the
* connection open for a very long time though (more than a few minutes
* may result in the server timing out the connection), and you do want to
* clean up in the end.
*/
curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
}
return (int)res;
}Sample 2：（+SSL）
/***************************************************************************
* _ _ ____ _
* Project ___| | | | _ \| |
* / __| | | | |_) | |
* | (__| |_| | _ <| |___
* \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
*
* Copyright (C) 1998 - 2016, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
*
* This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
* you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
* are also available at https://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html.
*
* You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
*
* This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied.
*
***************************************************************************/
/* <DESC>
* SMTP example using SSL
* </DESC>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>
/* This is a simple example showing how to send mail using libcurl's SMTP
* capabilities. It builds on the smtp-mail.c example to add authentication
* and, more importantly, transport security to protect the authentication
* details from being snooped.
*
* Note that this example requires libcurl 7.20.0 or above.
*/
#define FROM "<sender@example.org>"
#define TO "<addressee@example.net>"
#define CC "<info@example.org>"
static const char *payload_text[] = {
"Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2010 21:54:29 +1100\r\n",
"To: " TO "\r\n",
"From: " FROM " (Example User)\r\n",
"Cc: " CC " (Another example User)\r\n",
"Message-ID: <dcd7cb36-11db-487a-9f3a-e652a9458efd@"
"rfcpedant.example.org>\r\n",
"Subject: SMTP SSL example message\r\n",
"\r\n", /* empty line to divide headers from body, see RFC5322 */
"The body of the message starts here.\r\n",
"\r\n",
"It could be a lot of lines, could be MIME encoded, whatever.\r\n",
"Check RFC5322.\r\n",
NULL
};
struct upload_status {
int lines_read;
};
static size_t payload_source(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userp)
{
struct upload_status *upload_ctx = (struct upload_status *)userp;
const char *data;
if((size == 0) || (nmemb == 0) || ((size*nmemb) < 1)) {
return 0;
}
data = payload_text[upload_ctx->lines_read];
if(data) {
size_t len = strlen(data);
memcpy(ptr, data, len);
upload_ctx->lines_read++;
return len;
}
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
CURL *curl;
CURLcode res = CURLE_OK;
struct curl_slist *recipients = NULL;
struct upload_status upload_ctx;
upload_ctx.lines_read = 0;
curl = curl_easy_init();
if(curl) {
/* Set username and password */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USERNAME, "user");
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* This is the URL for your mailserver. Note the use of smtps:// rather
* than smtp:// to request a SSL based connection. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, "smtps://mainserver.example.net");
/* If you want to connect to a site who isn't using a certificate that is
* signed by one of the certs in the CA bundle you have, you can skip the
* verification of the server's certificate. This makes the connection
* A LOT LESS SECURE.
*
* If you have a CA cert for the server stored someplace else than in the
* default bundle, then the CURLOPT_CAPATH option might come handy for
* you. */
#ifdef SKIP_PEER_VERIFICATION
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0L);
#endif
/* If the site you're connecting to uses a different host name that what
* they have mentioned in their server certificate's commonName (or
* subjectAltName) fields, libcurl will refuse to connect. You can skip
* this check, but this will make the connection less secure. */
#ifdef SKIP_HOSTNAME_VERIFICATION
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0L);
#endif
/* Note that this option isn't strictly required, omitting it will result
* in libcurl sending the MAIL FROM command with empty sender data. All
* autoresponses should have an empty reverse-path, and should be directed
* to the address in the reverse-path which triggered them. Otherwise,
* they could cause an endless loop. See RFC 5321 Section 4.5.5 for more
* details.
*/
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_FROM, FROM);
/* Add two recipients, in this particular case they correspond to the
* To: and Cc: addressees in the header, but they could be any kind of
* recipient. */
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, TO);
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, CC);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT, recipients);
/* We're using a callback function to specify the payload (the headers and
* body of the message). You could just use the CURLOPT_READDATA option to
* specify a FILE pointer to read from. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, payload_source);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READDATA, &upload_ctx);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, 1L);
/* Since the traffic will be encrypted, it is very useful to turn on debug
* information within libcurl to see what is happening during the
* transfer */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L);
/* Send the message */
res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
/* Check for errors */
if(res != CURLE_OK)
fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_perform() failed: %s\n",
curl_easy_strerror(res));
/* Free the list of recipients */
curl_slist_free_all(recipients);
/* Always cleanup */
curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
}
return (int)res;
}Sample 3：（+TLS）
/***************************************************************************
* _ _ ____ _
* Project ___| | | | _ \| |
* / __| | | | |_) | |
* | (__| |_| | _ <| |___
* \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
*
* Copyright (C) 1998 - 2016, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
*
* This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
* you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
* are also available at https://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html.
*
* You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
*
* This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied.
*
***************************************************************************/
/* <DESC>
* SMTP example using TLS
* </DESC>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>
/* This is a simple example showing how to send mail using libcurl's SMTP
* capabilities. It builds on the smtp-mail.c example to add authentication
* and, more importantly, transport security to protect the authentication
* details from being snooped.
*
* Note that this example requires libcurl 7.20.0 or above.
*/
#define FROM "<sender@example.org>"
#define TO "<addressee@example.net>"
#define CC "<info@example.org>"
static const char *payload_text[] = {
"Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2010 21:54:29 +1100\r\n",
"To: " TO "\r\n",
"From: " FROM " (Example User)\r\n",
"Cc: " CC " (Another example User)\r\n",
"Message-ID: <dcd7cb36-11db-487a-9f3a-e652a9458efd@"
"rfcpedant.example.org>\r\n",
"Subject: SMTP TLS example message\r\n",
"\r\n", /* empty line to divide headers from body, see RFC5322 */
"The body of the message starts here.\r\n",
"\r\n",
"It could be a lot of lines, could be MIME encoded, whatever.\r\n",
"Check RFC5322.\r\n",
NULL
};
struct upload_status {
int lines_read;
};
static size_t payload_source(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userp)
{
struct upload_status *upload_ctx = (struct upload_status *)userp;
const char *data;
if((size == 0) || (nmemb == 0) || ((size*nmemb) < 1)) {
return 0;
}
data = payload_text[upload_ctx->lines_read];
if(data) {
size_t len = strlen(data);
memcpy(ptr, data, len);
upload_ctx->lines_read++;
return len;
}
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
CURL *curl;
CURLcode res = CURLE_OK;
struct curl_slist *recipients = NULL;
struct upload_status upload_ctx;
upload_ctx.lines_read = 0;
curl = curl_easy_init();
if(curl) {
/* Set username and password */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USERNAME, "user");
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* This is the URL for your mailserver. Note the use of port 587 here,
* instead of the normal SMTP port (25). Port 587 is commonly used for
* secure mail submission (see RFC4403), but you should use whatever
* matches your server configuration. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, "smtp://mainserver.example.net:587");
/* In this example, we'll start with a plain text connection, and upgrade
* to Transport Layer Security (TLS) using the STARTTLS command. Be careful
* of using CURLUSESSL_TRY here, because if TLS upgrade fails, the transfer
* will continue anyway - see the security discussion in the libcurl
* tutorial for more details. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USE_SSL, (long)CURLUSESSL_ALL);
/* If your server doesn't have a valid certificate, then you can disable
* part of the Transport Layer Security protection by setting the
* CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER and CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST options to 0 (false).
* curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0L);
* curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0L);
* That is, in general, a bad idea. It is still better than sending your
* authentication details in plain text though. Instead, you should get
* the issuer certificate (or the host certificate if the certificate is
* self-signed) and add it to the set of certificates that are known to
* libcurl using CURLOPT_CAINFO and/or CURLOPT_CAPATH. See docs/SSLCERTS
* for more information. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CAINFO, "/path/to/certificate.pem");
/* Note that this option isn't strictly required, omitting it will result
* in libcurl sending the MAIL FROM command with empty sender data. All
* autoresponses should have an empty reverse-path, and should be directed
* to the address in the reverse-path which triggered them. Otherwise,
* they could cause an endless loop. See RFC 5321 Section 4.5.5 for more
* details.
*/
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_FROM, FROM);
/* Add two recipients, in this particular case they correspond to the
* To: and Cc: addressees in the header, but they could be any kind of
* recipient. */
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, TO);
recipients = curl_slist_append(recipients, CC);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT, recipients);
/* We're using a callback function to specify the payload (the headers and
* body of the message). You could just use the CURLOPT_READDATA option to
* specify a FILE pointer to read from. */
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, payload_source);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READDATA, &upload_ctx);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, 1L);
/* Since the traffic will be encrypted, it is very useful to turn on debug
* information within libcurl to see what is happening during the transfer.
*/
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L);
/* Send the message */
res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
/* Check for errors */
if(res != CURLE_OK)
fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_perform() failed: %s\n",
curl_easy_strerror(res));
/* Free the list of recipients */
curl_slist_free_all(recipients);
/* Always cleanup */
curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
}
return (int)res;
}官方资料：
1）https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/example.html
2）https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/smtp-mail.html
3）https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/smtp-ssl.html
4）https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/smtp-tls.html
源文件：
1）https://raw.githubusercontent.com/curl/curl/master/docs/examples/smtp-mail.c
2）https://raw.githubusercontent.com/curl/curl/master/docs/examples/smtp-ssl.c
3）https://raw.githubusercontent.com/curl/curl/master/docs/examples/smtp-tls.c
资料搬运工~
今天晚点我再整理下具体遇到的问题~
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