Linux C/C++ 共享库so的搜索路径和顺序

共享库的搜索

共享库的搜索出了系统默认路径外，还可以通过下面方法指定。首先通过环境变量指定：

环境变量
LIBRARY_PATH 编译期查找动态链接库路径, 导出给Makefile或者在Makefile开头指定；
LD_LIBRARY_PATH 运行期查找动态链接库的路径，会在系统默认路径之前查找；

还可以通过GCC参数指定:
编写Makefile一个好的习惯是先-L指定路径，在-l指定对应库的名字，防止同名的so找错了位置。

GCC参数
-L 链接的时候去找的目录；
-rpath 指定的路径会被记录在生成的可执行程序中，用于程序运行时；
-rpath-link 用于链接时, 比如依赖的某个so库文件依赖了另一个so，而着另一个so没有显示指定，那么链接时会从 -rpath-link 给的路径找；

搜索路径可以 man ld 查看:

The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared libraries:

1. Any directories specified by -rpath-link options.
2. Any directories specified by -rpath options. The difference between -rpath and -rpath-link is that directories specified by -rpath options are included in the
   executable and used at runtime, whereas the -rpath-link option is only effective at link time. Searching -rpath in this way is only supported by native linkers
   and cross linkers which have been configured with the --with-sysroot option.
3. On an ELF system, for native linkers, if the -rpath and -rpath-link options were not used, search the contents of the environment variable “LD_RUN_PATH”.
4. On SunOS, if the -rpath option was not used, search any directories specified using -L options.
5. For a native linker, search the contents of the environment variable “LD_LIBRARY_PATH”.
6. For a native ELF linker, the directories in “DT_RUNPATH” or “DT_RPATH” of a shared library are searched for shared libraries needed by it. The “DT_RPATH” entries
   are ignored if “DT_RUNPATH” entries exist.
7. The default directories, normally /lib and /usr/lib.
8. For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file /etc/ld.so.conf exists, the list of directories found in that file.

If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a warning and continue with the link.

查看一个可执行文件依赖动态库的搜寻路径过程:
使用 LD_DEBUG 环境变量，命令写在同一行直接可被后面程序继承环境变量，不用再 export ，如下面看 test 可执行文件的动态库加载过程：

root@ubuntu:/media/sf_VMshare/so# LD_DEBUG=libs ./test

使用ldd -u可以看出程序不需要链接的so，使用-Wl,--as-needed编译选项就可以去除不需要链接的so. 如果ldd显示某些so not found，可以导出LD_LIBRARY_PATH后再试试。

出现链接问题可以用前面的方法调试，搜索的顺序如下

1. 编译期指定的路径，如-Wl,-rpath,库的路径;
2. LD_LIBRARY_PATH 指定的动态库搜索路(对setuid/setgid的程序无效，并且可以被链接器选项–library-path覆盖)
3. DT_RUNPATH指定的动态库搜索路径（-Wl,–enable-new-dtags）
4. /etc/ld.so.conf 中指定的动态库搜索路径 (通常有 /usr/local/lib)
5. 默认路径 /lib 和 /usr/lib

参考

• Linux运行时动态库搜索路径优先级
• library path when dynamically loaded?
• Where do executables look for shared objects at runtime?