Python面向对象编程初阶

面向对象编程简介

先从各类数据结构讲起

列表（lists）

• Each position in a list can be of whatever type we wish.
• We can even store a list within a list
• This allows us to create complex data structures with variable structure.

列表里的各个位置可以是任何我们想要的类型，我们甚至可以在列表中存储列表。这个性质让我们能够用各种变量类型创造更复杂的数据结构。

类与对象（class and objects）

概念

• We can use a class to store different information

我们可以用类来储存不同的信息，一个类封装了信息和函数。

• We can create a class student.
  • A student has a name, is doing a course and is enrolled in a list of modules.

举个例子，我们创造一个学生的类：

        学生拥有自己的名字、有给的专业和课程。

• The class student is a generic concept.
• We can have instances of the class student
• Each student has a name, a course and a list of modules

If you think of individual students as student objects, then a Student class would be the general concept of a student.

叫做学生的类是个一般概念，这个类下面有很多的“例子”，也就是一个个学生个体，每个学生有各自的名字，专业与一系列课程。也就是类与对象，学生这个群体是一个类，而一个个学生个体是对象。

类的设计（Class Design）

• A class should encapsulate a concept
• The attributes (fields) of the class stored information about this concept.
• Methods manipulates the information in the class and add functionalities to the informaion.

刚有提到，类是一个概念。那么概念由什么去完成呢，即类的属性存储着这个概念的信息，而方法来处理着些信息并能添加功能。还是由刚刚的class Student来举例子：

# student Class

class Student:
    """ Student has a name, takes a course and registers for a list of modules. """
    def __init__(self, name, course):
        """ Creates a student object with a name and a course and an empty list of modules """
        self._name = name
        self._course = course
        self._modules = []
    

    def addModules(self):
        number = int(input("Enter number of modules: ")
        for i in range(number):
            module = input("Enter module name: ")
            self._modules.append(module)

做点注释：

这个类使用了一个 constructor method (构造函数方法，一种魔法函数）一个构造函数方法的名字总是 __init__。(左右各两个下划线）

• Methods are functions that live inside a class and describe the behaviour of that class.
• All the methods need at least a parameter called self which is a reference to the object.
• Attributes in a class are variables that live inside the class. They can be declared anywhere in the class definition.
• Attributes of a class starts with _ (underscore) to project attribute and differentiate them from local variables.
  • self.name: public 公开
  • self._name: protect 保护
  • self.__name: private 私有
• Every instance of a class will have its own methods and values for the attributes.

方法是位于类内部并描述该类行为的函数。

所有方法都至少需要一个名为self的参数，该参数是对对象的引用。

类中的属性是类内部的变量。它们可以在类定义中的任何位置声明。

类的属性以_（下划线）开头以投影属性，并将它们与局部变量区分开来。

类的每个实例都有自己的方法和属性值。

使用对象实例

student = Student("张三", "计算机") # 创造一个叫张三，学科是计算机的对象
student.addModule() #    调用了添加课程的方法(函数)
print("Student: ", student._name)
print("Modules: ", student._modules)
'此时我们调用属性的时候为了保护属性，我们最好不直接调用，需要对属性进行封装'
'也就是所谓的，getter methods 和 setter methods'

Getter and Setter Methods

# student Class

class Student:
    """ Student has a name, takes a course and registers for a list of modules. """
    def __init__(self, name, course):
        """ Creates a student object with a name and a course and an empty list of modules """
        self._name = name
        self._course = course
        self._modules = []
    

    'To protect attributes.'
    def getName(self):    # getter method for attribute name
        return self._name

    def getCourse(self):    # getter method for attribute course
        return self._course

    def getModule(self):
        return self._modules

    def setName(self, name):    # setter method for attribute name
        self._name = name

    def setCourse(self, course):    # setter method for attribute course
        self._course = course

    def addModules(self):
        number = int(input("Enter number of modules: ")
        for i in range(number):
            module = input("Enter module name: ")
            self._modules. Append(module)

    # Each attribute may need getter and setter methods in pairs.

那么此时再创建对象：

student = Student("李四", "计算机科学与技术")
student.addModules()
print("Student: ", student.getName())
print("Course: ", student.getCourse())
print("Modules: ", student.getModules())

'若此时李四同学转专业转为软件工程'
student.setCourse("软件工程")
'以此完成对course这个属性的修改。'

以上就是对python面向对象编程的基本介绍，有任何问题可以进行评论欢迎一起探讨学习，一起进步。