深入理解ART虚拟机—虚拟机的启动

本文深入探讨了ART虚拟机的启动过程,从AOT编译原理到JNI接口的创建,详细阐述了如何从apk的dex文件转换为oat文件,以及JavaVM和JNIEnv的生成。在ART中,类的加载来源于ImageSpace和DexCache,初始化包括了InternTable、JIT和Native Method的设置。文章还预告了对ImageSpace加载过程的进一步分析。
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看art虚拟机也有一段时间了,是时候写点什么出来了。早先看art的时候,发现不是太能理解,所以就恶补了一下dalvik虚拟机,所以有了之前的dalvik系列,等再次回头看art的时候,确实轻松了不少。

art从Android L开始正式替换dalvik,成为Android的默认虚拟机,网上很多分析ART的文章都是基于KK的art源码,L的art源码和之前KK的差别比较大,L开始art才走向成熟,我们的分析则是基于L上的art。art的运行方式是AOT(Ahead Of Time),AOT和JIT(Just In Time)对应,JIT是即时编译,而AOT是提前编译,在apk安装的时候,由dex2oat将dex编译成oat文件。oat是扩展的elf文件,elf的文件结构不在这里详述,我几年前的文章《linker and loader 读书笔记》里有介绍。oat文件包含了类的各个method的native代码,会在apk运行时被加载。

我们来看art是怎么工作的:《 深入理解Dalvik虚拟机- Android进程启动过程》这篇文章介绍了Android的进程启动过程,不管是art还是dalvik,apk的启动过程都是一样的,不一样的是JavaVM和JNIEnv的创建的代码实现不同。JavaVM和JNIEnv这两个是Java虚拟机的核心接口,art和dalvik有其各自不同的实现。

#if defined(__cplusplus)
typedef _JNIEnv JNIEnv;
typedef _JavaVM JavaVM;
#else
typedef const struct JNINativeInterface* JNIEnv;
typedef const struct JNIInvokeInterface* JavaVM;
#endif

struct JNIInvokeInterface {
    void*       reserved0;
    void*       reserved1;
    void*       reserved2;
 
    jint        (*DestroyJavaVM)(JavaVM*);
    jint        (*AttachCurrentThread)(JavaVM*, JNIEnv**, void*);
    jint        (*DetachCurrentThread)(JavaVM*);
    jint        (*GetEnv)(JavaVM*, void**, jint);
    jint        (*AttachCurrentThreadAsDaemon)(JavaVM*, JNIEnv**, void*);
};

struct _JavaVM {
    const struct JNIInvokeInterface* functions;

#if defined(__cplusplus)
    jint DestroyJavaVM()
    { return functions->DestroyJavaVM(this); }
    jint AttachCurrentThread(JNIEnv** p_env, void* thr_args)
    { return functions->AttachCurrentThread(this, p_env, thr_args); }
    jint DetachCurrentThread()
    { return functions->DetachCurrentThread(this); }
    jint GetEnv(void** env, jint version)
    { return functions->GetEnv(this, env, version); }
    jint AttachCurrentThreadAsDaemon(JNIEnv** p_env, void* thr_args)
    { return functions->AttachCurrentThreadAsDaemon(this, p_env, thr_args); }
#endif /*__cplusplus*/
};
可见JavaVM的主要接口如下:

AttachCurrentThread — 将当前的Thread attach到JavaVM,主要是生成JniEnv对象,JniEnv对象是属于线程的,不同的线程有自己的JniEnv。JavaVM创建的时候,会在当前线程自动attach作为Java的主线程,Java->Native的JNI调用就是走这个线程,而如果你想在自己的pthread里调用Java的代码的话,就需要调用AttachCurrentThread,得到JniEnv才能执行Java代码。

DetachCurrentThread — Detach当前线程,销毁JniEnv。

GetEnv — 获得当前线程的JNIEnv,JNI是线程相关的,只有Attach过的线程,才有JniEnv对象。

DestoryJavaVM — 销毁JavaVM。

JavaVM是全局的,而JNIEnv是线程相关的,JNIEnv定义了所有的JNI调用的接口:

struct JNINativeInterface {
    void*       reserved0;
    void*       reserved1;
    void*       reserved2;
    void*       reserved3;

    jint        (*GetVersion)(JNIEnv *);

    jclass      (*DefineClass)(JNIEnv*, const char*, jobject, const jbyte*,
                        jsize);
    jclass      (*FindClass)(JNIEnv*, const char*);

    jmethodID   (*FromReflectedMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    jfieldID    (*FromReflectedField)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    /* spec doesn't show jboolean parameter */
    jobject     (*ToReflectedMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jboolean);

    jclass      (*GetSuperclass)(JNIEnv*, jclass);
    jboolean    (*IsAssignableFrom)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jclass);

    /* spec doesn't show jboolean parameter */
    jobject     (*ToReflectedField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jboolean);

    jint        (*Throw)(JNIEnv*, jthrowable);
    jint        (*ThrowNew)(JNIEnv *, jclass, const char *);
    jthrowable  (*ExceptionOccurred)(JNIEnv*);
    void        (*ExceptionDescribe)(JNIEnv*);
    void        (*ExceptionClear)(JNIEnv*);
    void        (*FatalError)(JNIEnv*, const char*);

    jint        (*PushLocalFrame)(JNIEnv*, jint);
    jobject     (*PopLocalFrame)(JNIEnv*, jobject);

    jobject     (*NewGlobalRef)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    void        (*DeleteGlobalRef)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    void        (*DeleteLocalRef)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    jboolean    (*IsSameObject)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jobject);

    jobject     (*NewLocalRef)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    jint        (*EnsureLocalCapacity)(JNIEnv*, jint);

    jobject     (*AllocObject)(JNIEnv*, jclass);
    jobject     (*NewObject)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jobject     (*NewObjectV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jobject     (*NewObjectA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);

    jclass      (*GetObjectClass)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
    jboolean    (*IsInstanceOf)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass);
    jmethodID   (*GetMethodID)(JNIEnv*, jclass, const char*, const char*);

    jobject     (*CallObjectMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jobject     (*CallObjectMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jobject     (*CallObjectMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jboolean    (*CallBooleanMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jboolean    (*CallBooleanMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jboolean    (*CallBooleanMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jbyte       (*CallByteMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jbyte       (*CallByteMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jbyte       (*CallByteMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jchar       (*CallCharMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jchar       (*CallCharMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jchar       (*CallCharMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jshort      (*CallShortMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jshort      (*CallShortMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jshort      (*CallShortMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jint        (*CallIntMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jint        (*CallIntMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jint        (*CallIntMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jlong       (*CallLongMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jlong       (*CallLongMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jlong       (*CallLongMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jfloat      (*CallFloatMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jfloat      (*CallFloatMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jfloat      (*CallFloatMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jdouble     (*CallDoubleMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    jdouble     (*CallDoubleMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    jdouble     (*CallDoubleMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    void        (*CallVoidMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, ...);
    void        (*CallVoidMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, va_list);
    void        (*CallVoidMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jmethodID, jvalue*);

    jobject     (*CallNonvirtualObjectMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jobject     (*CallNonvirtualObjectMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jobject     (*CallNonvirtualObjectMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jboolean    (*CallNonvirtualBooleanMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jboolean    (*CallNonvirtualBooleanMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                         jmethodID, va_list);
    jboolean    (*CallNonvirtualBooleanMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                         jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jbyte       (*CallNonvirtualByteMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jbyte       (*CallNonvirtualByteMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jbyte       (*CallNonvirtualByteMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jchar       (*CallNonvirtualCharMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jchar       (*CallNonvirtualCharMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jchar       (*CallNonvirtualCharMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jshort      (*CallNonvirtualShortMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jshort      (*CallNonvirtualShortMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jshort      (*CallNonvirtualShortMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jint        (*CallNonvirtualIntMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jint        (*CallNonvirtualIntMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jint        (*CallNonvirtualIntMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jlong       (*CallNonvirtualLongMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jlong       (*CallNonvirtualLongMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jlong       (*CallNonvirtualLongMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jfloat      (*CallNonvirtualFloatMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jfloat      (*CallNonvirtualFloatMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jfloat      (*CallNonvirtualFloatMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jdouble     (*CallNonvirtualDoubleMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    jdouble     (*CallNonvirtualDoubleMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    jdouble     (*CallNonvirtualDoubleMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);
    void        (*CallNonvirtualVoidMethod)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, ...);
    void        (*CallNonvirtualVoidMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, va_list);
    void        (*CallNonvirtualVoidMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jclass,
                        jmethodID, jvalue*);

    jfieldID    (*GetFieldID)(JNIEnv*, jclass, const char*, const char*);

    jobject     (*GetObjectField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jboolean    (*GetBooleanField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jbyte       (*GetByteField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jchar       (*GetCharField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jshort      (*GetShortField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jint        (*GetIntField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jlong       (*GetLongField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jfloat      (*GetFloatField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);
    jdouble     (*GetDoubleField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID);

    void        (*SetObjectField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jobject);
    void        (*SetBooleanField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jboolean);
    void        (*SetByteField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jbyte);
    void        (*SetCharField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jchar);
    void        (*SetShortField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jshort);
    void        (*SetIntField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jint);
    void        (*SetLongField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jlong);
    void        (*SetFloatField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jfloat);
    void        (*SetDoubleField)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jfieldID, jdouble);

    jmethodID   (*GetStaticMethodID)(JNIEnv*, jclass, const char*, const char*);

    jobject     (*CallStaticObjectMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jobject     (*CallStaticObjectMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jobject     (*CallStaticObjectMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jboolean    (*CallStaticBooleanMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jboolean    (*CallStaticBooleanMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID,
                        va_list);
    jboolean    (*CallStaticBooleanMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID,
                        jvalue*);
    jbyte       (*CallStaticByteMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jbyte       (*CallStaticByteMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jbyte       (*CallStaticByteMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jchar       (*CallStaticCharMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jchar       (*CallStaticCharMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jchar       (*CallStaticCharMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jshort      (*CallStaticShortMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jshort      (*CallStaticShortMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jshort      (*CallStaticShortMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jint        (*CallStaticIntMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jint        (*CallStaticIntMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jint        (*CallStaticIntMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jlong       (*CallStaticLongMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jlong       (*CallStaticLongMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jlong       (*CallStaticLongMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jfloat      (*CallStaticFloatMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jfloat      (*CallStaticFloatMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jfloat      (*CallStaticFloatMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    jdouble     (*CallStaticDoubleMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    jdouble     (*CallStaticDoubleMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    jdouble     (*CallStaticDoubleMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);
    void        (*CallStaticVoidMethod)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, ...);
    void        (*CallStaticVoidMethodV)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, va_list);
    void        (*CallStaticVoidMethodA)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jmethodID, jvalue*);

    jfieldID    (*GetStaticFieldID)(JNIEnv*, jclass, const char*,
                        const char*);

    jobject     (*GetStaticObjectField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jboolean    (*GetStaticBooleanField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jbyte       (*GetStaticByteField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jchar       (*GetStaticCharField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jshort      (*GetStaticShortField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jint        (*GetStaticIntField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jlong       (*GetStaticLongField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jfloat      (*GetStaticFloatField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);
    jdouble     (*GetStaticDoubleField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID);

    void        (*SetStaticObjectField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jobject);
    void        (*SetStaticBooleanField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jboolean);
    void        (*SetStaticByteField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jbyte);
    void        (*SetStaticCharField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jchar);
    void        (*SetStaticShortField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jshort);
    void        (*SetStaticIntField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jint);
    void        (*SetStaticLongField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jlong);
    void        (*SetStaticFloatField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jfloat);
    void        (*SetStaticDoubleField)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jfieldID, jdouble);

    jstring     (*NewString)(JNIEnv*, const jchar*, jsize);
    jsize       (*GetStringLength)(JNIEnv*, jstring);
    const jchar* (*GetStringChars)(JNIEnv*, jstring, jboolean*);
    void        (*ReleaseStringChars)(JNIEnv*, jstring, const jchar*);
    jstring     (*NewStringUTF)(JNIEnv*, const char*);
    jsize       (*GetStringUTFLength)(JNIEnv*, jstring);
    /* JNI spec says this returns const jbyte*, but that's inconsistent */
    const char* (*GetStringUTFChars)(JNIEnv*, jstring, jboolean*);
    void        (*ReleaseStringUTFChars)(JNIEnv*, jstring, const char*);
    jsize       (*GetArrayLength)(JNIEnv*, jarray);
    jobjectArray (*NewObjectArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize, jclass, jobject);
    jobject     (*GetObjectArrayElement)(JNIEnv*, jobjectArray, jsize);
    void        (*SetObjectArrayElement)(JNIEnv*, jobjectArray, jsize, jobject);

    jbooleanArray (*NewBooleanArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jbyteArray    (*NewByteArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jcharArray    (*NewCharArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jshortArray   (*NewShortArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jintArray     (*NewIntArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jlongArray    (*NewLongArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jfloatArray   (*NewFloatArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);
    jdoubleArray  (*NewDoubleArray)(JNIEnv*, jsize);

    jboolean*   (*GetBooleanArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jbooleanArray, jboolean*);
    jbyte*      (*GetByteArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jbyteArray, jboolean*);
    jchar*      (*GetCharArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jcharArray, jboolean*);
    jshort*     (*GetShortArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jshortArray, jboolean*);
    jint*       (*GetIntArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jintArray, jboolean*);
    jlong*      (*GetLongArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jlongArray, jboolean*);
    jfloat*     (*GetFloatArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jfloatArray, jboolean*);
    jdouble*    (*GetDoubleArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jdoubleArray, jboolean*);

    void        (*ReleaseBooleanArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jbooleanArray,
                        jboolean*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseByteArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jbyteArray,
                        jbyte*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseCharArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jcharArray,
                        jchar*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseShortArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jshortArray,
                        jshort*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseIntArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jintArray,
                        jint*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseLongArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jlongArray,
                        jlong*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseFloatArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jfloatArray,
                        jfloat*, jint);
    void        (*ReleaseDoubleArrayElements)(JNIEnv*, jdoubleArray,
                        jdouble*, jint);

    void        (*GetBooleanArrayRegion)(JNIEnv*, jbooleanArray,
                        jsize, jsize, jboolean*);
    void        (*GetByteArrayRegion)(JNIEnv*, jbyteArray,
                        jsize, jsize, jbyte*);
    void        (*GetCharArrayRegion)(JNIEnv*, jcharArray,
                        jsize, jsize, jchar*);
    void        (*GetShortArrayRegion
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