字符设备驱动1

1．cdev 结构体

Linux2.6内核使用 cdev 结构体描述字符设备

struct cdev // cdev 的定义在 <linux/cdev.h>

{

    struct kobject kobj;   //内嵌的kobject

    struct module *owner;   //所属模块

    const struct file_operations *ops;  

        //文件操作结构，在写驱动时，其结构体内的大部分函数要被实现

    struct list_head list;

    dev_t dev;          //设备号，int 类型，高12位为主设备号，低20位为次设备号

    unsigned int count;

};

其中 dev_t 定义了设备号为32位,前12位为主设备号,后20位为次设备号.可以使用如下宏调用来获得主、次设备号:

MAJOR(dev_t dev)

MINOR(dev_t dev)

MKDEV(int major,int minor) //通过主次设备号来生成dev_t

以上宏调用在内核源码中如此定义：

#define MINORBITS       20

#define MINORMASK       ((1U << MINORBITS) - 1)

//(1<<20 -1) 此操作后，MINORMASK宏的低20位为1，高12位为0

#define MAJOR(dev)      ((unsigned int) ((dev) >> MINORBITS))

#define MINOR(dev)      ((unsigned int) ((dev) & MINORMASK))

#define MKDEV(ma,mi)    (((ma) << MINORBITS) | (mi))

 

下面一组函数用来对cdev结构体进行操作：

void cdev_init(struct cdev *, const struct file_operations *);//初始化，建立cdev和file_operation 之间的连接

struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void); //动态申请一个cdev内存

void cdev_put(struct cdev *p); //释放

int cdev_add(struct cdev *, dev_t, unsigned); //注册设备，通常发生在驱动模块的加载函数中

void cdev_del(struct cdev *);//注销设备，通常发生在驱动模块的卸载函数中

cdev_init()的源代码清单如下

// linux/fs/char_dev.c

void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops)

{

  memset(cdev, 0, sizeof *cdev);

  INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cdev->list);

  kobject_init(&cdev->kobj, &ktype_cdev_default);

  cdev->ops = fops;

}

cdev_alloc()用于动态申请一个cdev内存，代码清单如下

struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void)

{

         struct cdev *p = kzalloc(sizeof(struct cdev), GFP_KERNEL);

         if (p) {

                   INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->list);

                   kobject_init(&p->kobj, &ktype_cdev_dynamic);

         }

         return p;

}

cdev_add 和 cdev_del 分别用于添加和删除一个 cdev，完成字符设备的注册和注销。

在字符设备模块加载函数中调用 cdev_add，模块写在函数中调用 cdev_del

 

 

2. 分配和释放设备号

在注册时应该先调用：

int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from,unsigned count,const char *name)函数为其分配设备号，

此函数可用：

int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev,unsigned baseminor,unsigned count,const char *name)函数代替，

他们之间的区别在于：register_chrdev_region()用于已知设备号时，另一个用于动态申请，其优点在于不会造成设备号重复的冲突。

在注销之后，应调用：void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from,unsigned count)函数释放原先申请的设备号。

他们之间的顺序关系如下：

register_chrdev_region()－－>cdev_add() //加载模块中

cdev_del()-->unregister_chrdev_region() //卸载模块中

3. file_operations 结构体

主要成员有open, close , llseek, read, write, readdir, ioctl, mmap,poll等，结构比较庞大，他们最终会被调用

 

4 Linux字符设备驱动的组成

4.1 字符设备驱动模块加载与卸载

模板如下

//xxdevice struct

struct xxx_dev

{

  struct cdev cdev;

   …

}xxx_dev;

static int __init xxx_init(void)

{

  …

  cdev_init( &xxx_dev.cdev, &xx_fops);//init the cdev ,and add file operations

  register_chrdev_region  or  alloc_chrdev_region  //get the device number

  ret = cdev_add( )// register the device

  …

}

static void __exit xxx_exit(void)

{

  …

  Unrgister the device number use unregister_chrdev_region()

  …

  cdev_del()

  …

}

 

4.2 完成file_operations中的成员函数

    按照file_operations中定义的统一结构编写实现函数

    注意 copy_from_user 和 copy_to­_user 的使用

struct file_operations xxx_fops =//init the fops

{

  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  .read = xxx_read,

  .open = xxx_open,

  …

};

 

具体实例  ：

 /* ch6 最简单的字符设备驱动 未加并发控制 */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/errno.h> #include <linux/mm.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/cdev.h> #include <asm/io.h> #include <asm/system.h> #include <asm/uaccess.h> #define GLOBALMEM_SIZE 0x1000 #define MEM_CLEAR 0x1 #define GLOBALMEM_MAJOR 260 static int globalmem_major = GLOBALMEM_MAJOR; struct globalmem_dev { struct cdev cdev; unsigned char mem[GLOBALMEM_SIZE]; }; struct globalmem_dev *globalmem_devp; int globalmem_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { filp->private_data = globalmem_devp; return 0; } int globalmem_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { return 0; } static int globalmem_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg) { struct globalmem_dev *dev = filp->private_data; switch( cmd ) { case MEM_CLEAR: memset(dev->mem, 0, GLOBALMEM_SIZE); printk(KERN_INFO"globalmem is set to zero/n"); break; default: return -EINVAL; } return 0; } static int globalmem_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *ppos) { unsigned long p = *ppos; unsigned int count = size; int ret = 0; struct globalmem_dev *dev = filp->private_data; if(p > GLOBALMEM_SIZE) return count ? -ENXIO: 0; if(count > GLOBALMEM_SIZE - p) return GLOBALMEM_SIZE - p; if(copy_to_user(buf, (void*)(dev->mem + p), count)) { ret = - EFAULT; } else { *ppos += count; ret = count; printk(KERN_INFO"read %d bytes(s) from %d/n", count, p); } return ret; } static int globalmem_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *ppos) { unsigned long p = *ppos; unsigned int count = size; int ret = 0; struct globalmem_dev *dev = filp->private_data; if(p > GLOBALMEM_SIZE) return count ? -ENXIO: 0; if(count > GLOBALMEM_SIZE - p) return GLOBALMEM_SIZE - p; if(copy_from_user(dev->mem + p, buf, count)) ret = - EFAULT; else { *ppos += count; ret = count; printk(KERN_INFO"write %d bytes(s) from %d/n", count, p); } return ret; } static loff_t globalmem_llseek(struct file *filp, loff_t offset, int orig) { loff_t ret = 0; switch(orig) { case 0: if( offset < 0) { ret = - EINVAL; break; } if((unsigned int)offset > GLOBALMEM_SIZE) { ret = - EINVAL; break; } filp->f_pos = (unsigned int)offset; ret = filp->f_pos; break; case 1: if((filp->f_pos + offset) > GLOBALMEM_SIZE) { ret = - EINVAL; break; } if((filp->f_pos + offset) < 0) { ret = - EINVAL; break; } filp->f_pos += offset; ret = filp->f_pos; break; default: ret = - EINVAL; break; } return ret; } static const struct file_operations globalmem_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .llseek = globalmem_llseek, .read = globalmem_read, .write = globalmem_write, .ioctl = globalmem_ioctl, .open = globalmem_open, .release = globalmem_release, }; static void globalmem_setup_cdev(struct globalmem_dev *dev, int index) { int err, devno = MKDEV(globalmem_major, index); cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &globalmem_fops); dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; dev->cdev.ops = &globalmem_fops; err = cdev_add(&dev->cdev, devno, 1); if(err) printk(KERN_NOTICE"Error %d adding LED%d", err, index); } int __init globalmem_init(void) { int result; dev_t devno = MKDEV(globalmem_major, 0); if(globalmem_major) result = register_chrdev_region(devno, 1, "globalmem"); else { result = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno, 0, 1, "globalmem"); globalmem_major = MAJOR(devno); } if(result < 0) return result; globalmem_devp = kmalloc(sizeof(struct globalmem_dev), GFP_KERNEL); if(!globalmem_devp) { result = -ENOMEM; goto fail_malloc; } memset(globalmem_devp, 0, sizeof(struct globalmem_dev)); globalmem_setup_cdev(globalmem_devp, 0); return 0; fail_malloc: unregister_chrdev_region(devno, 1); return result; } void __exit globalmem_exit(void) { cdev_del(&globalmem_devp->cdev);//logout the cdev kfree(globalmem_devp); unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(globalmem_major, 0), 1);//release the device number } MODULE_AUTHOR("tiany"); MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); module_param(globalmem_major, int, S_IRUGO); module_init(globalmem_init); module_exit(globalmem_exit);

Makefile:

obj-m := globalmem.o KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/2.6.25-14.fc9.i686/build PWD := $(shell pwd) modules: $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules modules_install: $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules_install clean: rm -rf *.o *~ core .depend .*.cmd *.ko *.mod.c .tmp_versions

运行 insmod globalmem.ko ,加载模块

lsmod 和 /proc/devices 中可以看见 globalmem

通过： mknod /dev/globalmem c $device_number 0 创建设备节点

在 /sysy/module 中会有相应的目录和文件