python之os

os / os.path modules
OS模块简单的来说它是一个Python的系统编程的操作模块，可以处理文件和目录这些我们日常手动需要做的操作。
官方对此的注释为： Miscellaneous(多样的) operating system interfaces
1. os module
os.name 获取操作系统标识(在window中是'nt') 如果想要详细的操作系统内容，可以如下
import platform
b1 = platform.uname()
print(b1)

结果： uname_result(system='Windows', node='BJXX-LYH', release='7', version='6.1.7601', machine='AMD64', processor='Intel64 Family 6 Model 60 Stepping 3, GenuineIntel')

常用functions

1.1 chdir

# chdir(...)
#     chdir(path)
#     
#     Change the current working directory to the specified path.
#     
#     path may always be specified as a string.
#     On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
#       If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
os.chdir('D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src')
# 注：linux环境中的左斜线和windows中的右斜线

1.2 getcwd

# getcwd(...)
#     getcwd() -> path
#     
#     Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
print(os.getcwd())
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src

1.3 listdir

# listdir(...)
#     listdir(path='.') -> list_of_filenames
#     
#     Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.
#     The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special
#     entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
#     
#     path can be specified as either str or bytes.  If path is bytes,
#       the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
#       the filenames returned will be str.
#     On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;
#       the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
#       If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.
import os
os.chdir('D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src')
print(os.listdir())

1.4 makedirs

# makedirs(name, mode=511, exist_ok=False)
#     makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])
#     
#     Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.  Works like
#     mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
#     will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
#     exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
#     raised.  This is recursive.
os.makedirs("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b\lyh")
# 当os.mkdir("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b\lyh")时会报错chapter1b不存在,即makedir创建目录时，其父目录必须存在

1.5 mkdir

# mkdir(...)
#     mkdir(path, mode=0o777, *, dir_fd=None)
#     
#     Create a directory.
#     
#     If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
#       and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
#     dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
#       If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
#     
#     The mode argument is ignored on Windows.
os.mkdir("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b")

1.6 remove

# remove(...)
#     remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
#     
#     Remove a file (same as unlink()).
#     
#     If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
#       and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
#     dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
#       If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.remove("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1\\150806.py")

1.7 removedirs

# removedirs(name)
#     removedirs(name)
#     
#     Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
#     ones.  Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
#     successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
#     segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
#     consumed or an error occurs.  Errors during this latter phase are
#     ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.
os.removedirs("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b\lyh") 如果lyh是个空的目录，则删除lyh目录；如果删除lyh目录后chapter1b是空目录，则删除chapter1b，依次类推

1.8 rename

# rename(...)
#     rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
#     
#     Rename a file or directory.
#     
#     If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
#       descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
#       should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
#     src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
#       If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.rename("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1\\150812.py", "D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1\\150812b.py")

1.9 rmdir

# rmdir(...)
#     rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
#     
#     Remove a directory.
#     
#     If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
#       and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
#     dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
#       If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
# 删除空目录(删除非空目录, 使用shutil.rmtree()) 
os.removedirs("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b") 
shutil.rmtree("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b")

1.10 system

# system(...)
#     system(command) -> exit_status
#     
#     Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.
os.system('cmd')

1.11 unlink

# unlink(...)
#     unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
#     
#     Remove a file (same as remove()).
#     
#     If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
#       and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
#     dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
#       If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.unlink("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1\\150806.py")

1.12 utime

# utime(...)
#     utime(path, times=None, *, ns=None, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
#     Set the access and modified time of path.
#     
#     path may always be specified as a string.
#     On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
#       If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
#     
#     If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
#         atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
#     If ns is not None, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
#         atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
#         since the epoch.
#     If both times and ns are None, utime uses the current time.
#     Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.
#     
#     If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
#       and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
#     If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
#       link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
#       link points to.
#     It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
#       as an open file descriptor.
#     dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
#       If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
# 修改文件时间戳  
print(os.utime("D:\HeadFirstPython\chapter1b\lyh"))
# 返回指定的path文件的访问和修改的时间。如果时间是 None, 则文件的访问和修改设为当前时间 。 否则, 时间是一个 2-tuple数字, (atime, mtime) 用来分别作为访问和修改的时间. 

2. os.path module
2.1 abspath

# abspath(path)
#     Return the absolute version of a path.
# 获得绝对路径  就是可以根据一个文件，求到这个文件所在的路径
print(os.path.abspath('151019.py'))
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py

2.2 basename

# basename(p)
#     Returns the final component of a pathname
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.basename(abs_path.replace('\\', '\\\\')))
# 151019.py
# 结论：basename和dirname是split的组成部分

2.3 dirname

# dirname(p)
#     Returns the directory component of a pathname
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.dirname(abs_path.replace('\\', '\\\\')))
# D:\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src

2.4 exists

# exists(path)
#     Test whether a path exists.  Returns False for broken symbolic links
print(os.path.exists('151019.py'))
# True

2.5 isabs

# isabs(s)
#     Test whether a path is absolute
print(os.path.isabs('D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py'))
# True

2.6 isdir

# isdir = _isdir(...)
#     Return true if the pathname refers to an existing directory.
rel_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src'
print(os.path.isdir(rel_path))
# True

2.7 join

# join(path, *paths)
#     Join two (or more) paths.
dir_name = 'D:\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src\\'
base_name = '151019.py'
print(os.path.join(dir_name, base_name))
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py

2.8 normcase

# normcase(s)
#     Normalize case of pathname.
#     Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.normcase(abs_path))
# d:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py

2.9 normpath

# normpath(path)
#     Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc.
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.normpath(abs_path))
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py

2.10 realpath

# realpath = abspath(path)
#     Return the absolute version of a path.
print(os.path.realpath('151019.py'))
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019.py

2.11 relpath

# relpath(path, start='.')
#     Return a relative version of a path
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.relpath(abs_path, start= '.'))
# 151019.py
# 从start开始计算相对路径
# 结论： realpath 和 relpath具有相反的功能

2.12 split

# split(p)
#     Split a pathname.
#     Return tuple (head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash.
#     Either part may be empty.
abs_path = 'D:\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.split(abs_path)[0])
print(os.path.split(abs_path)[1])
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src
# 151019.py

2.13 splitdirve

# splitdrive(p)
#     Split a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path specifiers.
#     Returns a 2-tuple (drive_or_unc, path); either part may be empty.
#     
#     If you assign
#         result = splitdrive(p)
#     It is always true that:
#         result[0] + result[1] == p
#     
#     If the path contained a drive letter, drive_or_unc will contain everything
#     up to and including the colon.  e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir")
#     
#     If the path contained a UNC path, the drive_or_unc will contain the host name
#     and share up to but not including the fourth directory separator character.
#     e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir")
#     
#     Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path.
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.splitdrive(abs_path))
# ('D:', '\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src\\151019.py')

2.14 splitext

# splitext(p)
#     Split the extension from a pathname.     
#     Extension is everything from the last dot to the end, ignoring
#     leading dots.  Returns "(root, ext)"; ext may be empty.
abs_path = 'D:\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.splitext(abs_path)[0])
print(os.path.splitext(abs_path)[1])
# D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\151019
# .py

2.15 splitunc

# splitunc(p)
#     Deprecated since Python 3.1.  Please use splitdrive() instead;
#     it now handles UNC paths.#     
#     Split a pathname into UNC mount point and relative path specifiers.#     
#     Return a 2-tuple (unc, rest); either part may be empty.
#     If unc is not empty, it has the form '//host/mount' (or similar
#     using backslashes).  unc+rest is always the input path.
#     Paths containing drive letters never have an UNC part.
abs_path = 'D:\eclipse\workspace\python_201510\src\\151019.py'
print(os.path.splitunc(abs_path))
# ('', 'D:\\eclipse\\workspace\\python_201510\\src\\151019.py')