flutter学习笔记(一)-main组件构建说明

Demo构建说明

直接上Demo源码,然后详细拆分说明

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() => runApp(MyApp());

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Flutter Demo',
      theme: ThemeData(
        primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
      ),
      home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
    );
  }
}

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
  final String title;
  @override
  _MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  void _incrementCounter() {
    setState(() {
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {

    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        // Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
        // the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        // Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
        // in the middle of the parent.
        child: Column(

          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            Text(
              '$_counter',
              style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
            ),
         ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _incrementCounter,
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

1. 入口main说明

//类似Lamda表达式的简化写法
void main() => runApp(MyApp());
//实际的完整写法
void main(){
	runApp(new MyApp());//这里的new关键字也是可以省略的,runApp是渲染各种界面的,方法参数是一个实现flutter的Widget组件(实际翻译是部件,我改成"组件")
}
//MyApp是一个自定义组件,源码实现了StatelessWidget一个无状态的组件,StatelessWidget后面再说,先不管

2. MyApp说明

//继承StatelessWidget组件
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  //因为runApp渲染界面时传递的是MyApp实例,MyApp继承StatelessWidget,
  //StatelessWidget实际界面创建者是build方法,所以本页面的所有的组件创建工作需要在MyApp完成
  //StatelessWidget实际不产生任何界面组件,它只表示本页面的根是一个无状态的,具体界面组件需要在build方法种创建出来
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    //MaterialApp一般作为根页面,它提供了一个类似布局的功能,比如标题栏文字,主题颜色,主内容,路由(主要是用界面跳转使用)等
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Flutter Demo',
      theme: ThemeData(
        primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
      ),
      home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),//主页面内容,标题栏以下的所有界面,可以是任意Widget,
      // MyHomePage是一个自定义组件,实现StatefulWidget有状态的组件
    );
  }
}

3. MyHomePage说明

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  //MyHomePage构建方法
  MyHomePage({Key  key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
  //类的一个变量,在标题栏文字
  final String title;
  @override
  //重写createState,意思就是返回一个Widget
  _MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
  //完整写法
  _MyHomePageState createState(){
    return new  _MyHomePageState();
  }
}

4. _MyHomePageState说明

继承StatefulWidget在createState方法中必须要返回一个State的抽象类,与MyApp类似

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  //记录状态的变量,即"You have pushed the button this many times:"下面的0
  int _counter = 0;

  //加号按钮调用的方法,即floatingActionButton这个组件每次被按下时调用的方法
  void _incrementCounter() {
    //保存状态变量变化,setState是State的方法,setState参数是一个函数,这里为了代码简洁且方便开发写了一个匿名函数
    setState(() {
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  //上面代码也可以修改为  === start
  void _incrementCounter() {
    setState(record);
  }
  void record(){
    _counter++;
  }
  //=== end

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {

    //返回一个Scaffold,这个组件也是一个类似于布局的组件
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(//居中容器布局
        child: Column(//列布局
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,//对其方式
          children: <Widget>[//子组件
            Text(//文本组件
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',//显示的内容
            ),
            Text(
              '$_counter',//状态变量最终值
              style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
            ),
         ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(//浮动按钮
        onPressed: _incrementCounter,//按下时触发的函数
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),//图标
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

5. StatelessWidget,MaterialApp,StatefulWidget,Scaffold简单说明
   StatelessWidget无状态的组件,意思是一旦组件相关记录都是不可改变的
   MaterialApp一个布局组件,一般用于最顶层,根部分
   StatefulWidget有状态组件,该组件下子组件是可以根据操作改变相关状态
   Scaffold类似一个布局组件,该组件实现了,appBar,body,floatingActionButton,drawer,bottomNavigationBar等等

下一篇将讲述大部分组件