实时互动新体验:在Django-Ninja框架中实现高效的消息推送

Django-Ninja框架中实现消息推送及应用实例

在现代Web应用开发中,消息推送是一个非常重要的功能,它可以用于实现即时通讯、通知提醒等多种场景。传统的轮询方式已经不能满足低延迟、高并发的需求,而WebSocket协议的出现则为解决这些问题提供了新的方案。在Python Web开发领域,Django框架是众多开发者的选择之一,而Django-Ninja则为Django提供了简洁易用的RESTful API接口设计工具。本文将介绍如何在Django-Ninja框架中结合Django Channels实现消息推送,并通过一个具体的示例来展示整个过程。

## 一、环境准备

首先,确保你有一个基本的Python虚拟环境,并且已经安装了Django、Django REST framework (DRF) 和 Ninja。如果没有安装,可以通过以下命令进行安装:

pip install django djangorestframework ninja

假设我们已经有了一个名为myproject的Django项目,并且创建了一个名为notifications的应用。

## 二、安装Django Channels

在我们的项目中安装Django Channels:

pip install channels
## 三、配置Django Channels

编辑myproject/settings.py文件,添加channels的相关配置:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # ...
    'channels',
    'rest_framework',
    'ninja',
    'notifications',
]

ASGI_APPLICATION = 'myproject.routing.application'

CHANNEL_LAYERS = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'channels.layers.InMemoryChannelLayer',
    },
}

这里我们使用了内存层作为channel层,适用于开发阶段。生产环境中可能需要使用更可靠的channel层实现,比如Redis。

## 四、定义路由

在项目根目录下创建一个routing.py文件,用于定义WebSocket的路由:

from channels.routing import ProtocolTypeRouter, URLRouter
from django.urls import path
from notifications.consumers import NotificationConsumer

application = ProtocolTypeRouter({
    "websocket": URLRouter([
        path("ws/notifications/", NotificationConsumer.as_asgi()),
    ]),
})

这里我们定义了一个WebSocket路由,指向notifications应用中的NotificationConsumer类。

## 五、编写Consumer

接下来,在notifications应用中创建一个名为consumers.py的文件,用于处理WebSocket连接:

import json
from channels.generic.websocket import AsyncWebsocketConsumer

class NotificationConsumer(AsyncWebsocketConsumer):
    async def connect(self):
        user_id = self.scope['user'].id
        self.user_group_name = f'user_{user_id}'

        # Join user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_add(
            self.user_group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )

        await self.accept()

    async def disconnect(self, close_code):
        user_id = self.scope['user'].id
        self.user_group_name = f'user_{user_id}'

        # Leave user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_discard(
            self.user_group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )

    # Receive message from WebSocket
    async def receive(self, text_data):
        text_data_json = json.loads(text_data)
        message = text_data_json['message']

        # Send message to user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_send(
            self.user_group_name,
            {
                'type': 'send_notification',
                'message': message
            }
        )

    # Receive message from user's group
    async def send_notification(self, event):
        message = event['message']

        # Send message to WebSocket
        await self.send(text_data=json.dumps({
            'message': message
        }))

这个消费者实现了基本的WebSocket连接、断开和接收消息的功能。当接收到消息后,它会将其发送给同一用户组内的所有客户端。

## 六、创建模型

为了存储和管理通知,我们需要定义一个模型。在notifications/models.py中添加如下内容:

from django.db import models
from django.conf import settings

class Notification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    message = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.message
## 七、创建视图

notifications/views.py中创建一个视图来处理通知的创建和获取:

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Notification
from .serializers import NotificationSerializer
from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
from channels.layers import get_channel_layer

class NotificationAPIView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        serializer = NotificationSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            notification = serializer.save(user=request.user)
            channel_layer = get_channel_layer()
            async_to_sync(channel_layer.group_send)(
                f'user_{request.user.id}',
                {
                    'type': 'send_notification',
                    'message': notification.message
                }
            )
            return Response(serializer.data, status=201)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=400)

    def get(self, request):
        notifications = Notification.objects.filter(user=request.user)
        serializer = NotificationSerializer(notifications, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

这里我们定义了一个视图来处理POST请求(创建通知)和GET请求(获取通知),并在创建通知后通过Django Channels发送消息。

## 八、序列化器

为了将模型转换为JSON格式,我们需要创建一个序列化器。在notifications/serializers.py中添加如下内容:

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Notification

class NotificationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Notification
        fields = ['message']
## 九、URL配置

notifications/urls.py中配置URL:

from django.urls import path
from .views import NotificationAPIView

urlpatterns = [
    path('notifications/', NotificationAPIView.as_view(), name='notifications'),
]
## 十、集成Ninja

myproject/urls.py中集成Ninja,并包含notifications的URL:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from ninja import NinjaAPI

api = NinjaAPI()

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('api/', api.urls),
    path('notifications/', include('notifications.urls')),
]
## 十一、前端集成

为了让前端能够与WebSocket通信,你可以使用任何WebSocket库。例如,使用JavaScript原生API:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>消息推送示例</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>消息推送示例</h1>
    <div id="messages"></div>
    <input type="text" id="messageInput" placeholder="输入消息...">
    <button onclick="sendMessage()">发送</button>

    <script>
        var socket = new WebSocket(`ws://${window.location.host}/ws/notifications/`);

        socket.onopen = function(e) {
            console.log("WebSocket连接已打开");
        };

        socket.onmessage = function(event) {
            var data = JSON.parse(event.data);
            var messagesDiv = document.getElementById('messages');
            messagesDiv.innerHTML += `<p>${data.message}</p>`;
        };

        function sendMessage() {
            var input = document.getElementById("messageInput");
            socket.send(JSON.stringify({message: input.value}));
            input.value = '';
        }

        socket.onerror = function(error) {
            console.error("WebSocket发生错误: ", error);
        };
    </script>
</body>
</html>

这段代码会在页面加载时建立WebSocket连接,并尝试发送一条消息。

完整代码示例

myproject/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'channels',
    'rest_framework',
    'ninja',
    'notifications',
]

ASGI_APPLICATION = 'myproject.routing.application'

CHANNEL_LAYERS = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'channels.layers.InMemoryChannelLayer',
    },
}

myproject/routing.py

from channels.routing import ProtocolTypeRouter, URLRouter
from django.urls import path
from notifications.consumers import NotificationConsumer

application = ProtocolTypeRouter({
    "websocket": URLRouter([
        path("ws/notifications/", NotificationConsumer.as_asgi()),
    ]),
})

notifications/models.py

from django.db import models
from django.conf import settings

class Notification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    message = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.message

notifications/views.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Notification
from .serializers import NotificationSerializer
from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
from channels.layers import get_channel_layer

class NotificationAPIView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        serializer = NotificationSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            notification = serializer.save(user=request.user)
            channel_layer = get_channel_layer()
            async_to_sync(channel_layer.group_send)(
                f'user_{request.user.id}',
                {
                    'type': 'send_notification',
                    'message': notification.message
                }
            )
            return Response(serializer.data, status=201)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=400)

    def get(self, request):
        notifications = Notification.objects.filter(user=request.user)
        serializer = NotificationSerializer(notifications, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

notifications/serializers.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Notification

class NotificationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Notification
        fields = ['message']

notifications/consumers.py

import json
from channels.generic.websocket import AsyncWebsocketConsumer

class NotificationConsumer(AsyncWebsocketConsumer):
    async def connect(self):
        user_id = self.scope['user'].id
        self.user_group_name = f'user_{user_id}'

        # Join user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_add(
            self.user_group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )

        await self.accept()

    async def disconnect(self, close_code):
        user_id = self.scope['user'].id
        self.user_group_name = f'user_{user_id}'

        # Leave user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_discard(
            self.user_group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )

    # Receive message from WebSocket
    async def receive(self, text_data):
        text_data_json = json.loads(text_data)
        message = text_data_json['message']

        # Send message to user's group
        await self.channel_layer.group_send(
            self.user_group_name,
            {
                'type': 'send_notification',
                'message': message
            }
        )

    # Receive message from user's group
    async def send_notification(self, event):
        message = event['message']

        # Send message to WebSocket
        await self.send(text_data=json.dumps({
            'message': message
        }))

notifications/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from .views import NotificationAPIView

urlpatterns = [
    path('notifications/', NotificationAPIView.as_view(), name='notifications'),
]

myproject/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from ninja import NinjaAPI

api = NinjaAPI()

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('api/', api.urls),
    path('notifications/', include('notifications.urls')),
]

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>消息推送示例</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>消息推送示例</h1>
    <div id="messages"></div>
    <input type="text" id="messageInput" placeholder="输入消息...">
    <button onclick="sendMessage()">发送</button>

    <script>
        var socket = new WebSocket(`ws://${window.location.host}/ws/notifications/`);

        socket.onopen = function(e) {
            console.log("WebSocket连接已打开");
        };

        socket.onmessage = function(event) {
            var data = JSON.parse(event.data);
            var messagesDiv = document.getElementById('messages');
            messagesDiv.innerHTML += `<p>${data.message}</p>`;
        };

        function sendMessage() {
            var input = document.getElementById("messageInput");
            socket.send(JSON.stringify({message: input.value}));
            input.value = '';
        }

        socket.onerror = function(error) {
            console.error("WebSocket发生错误: ", error);
        };
    </script>
</body>
</html>
## 十二、启动你的应用

现在可以启动你的Django开发服务器,并通过访问ws://localhost:8000/ws/notifications/来测试WebSocket连接。

python manage.py runserver

以上就是如何在Django-Ninja框架中结合Django Channels实现消息推送,并通过一个具体的示例来展示整个过程。通过这个例子,你可以了解到如何在Django项目中引入WebSocket支持,并利用Django Channels实现简单的多用户实时通信。希望这篇教程能够帮助你在未来开发更加丰富的实时应用。

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