众所周知,Python中内置函数和自定义函数不是一个类型,一个是BuiltinFunctionType,一个是FunctionType。而BuiltinFunctionType是不可实例化的,只能由内置模块和扩展模块创建。但是,你们应该知道下面是什么了,只要用一定的技巧,BuiltinFunctionType还是可以实例化的!
Python有一个ctypes模块,用于实现C的数据类型,巧的是,Python的内置类型的底层实现就是C完成的。
所以,我们需要定义BuiltinFunctionType的结构,同时定义它的一个子结构:PyMethodDef。同时也要定义所有Object都适用的结构。
(’’’
import ctypes
class PyObject(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ob_refcnt', ctypes.c_ssize_t), ('ob_type', ctypes.c_void_p)]
Object = ctypes.POINTER(PyObject)
PyCFunction = CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.py_object, Object, Object)
class PyMethodDef(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ml_name', ctypes.c_char_p), ('ml_meth', PyCFunction),
('ml_flags', ctypes.c_int), ('ml_doc', ctypes.c_char_p)]
_MethodDef = ctypes.POINTER(PyMethodDef)
class PyBuiltinObject(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ob_refcnt', ctypes.c_ssize_t), ('ob_type', ctypes.c_void_p), ('m_ml', _MethodDef), ('m_self', Object),
('m_module', Object)]
BuiltinObject = ctypes.POINTER(PyBuiltinObject)
’’’)
有些朋友可能注意到我把结构体都兑换成了指针,这是因为其实Python的所有对象都是指针。
下面的步骤是:
1.开一个合法的BuiltinObject,且能被Python感知到;
2.把自定义函数转为C函数;
3.开一个PyMethodDef作为成员,其中的ml_meth为转换得来的C函数;
4.将函数信息填入PyMethodDef和PyBuiltinObject,并将原对象返回。
先说第一步。要开一个能被Python感知到的对象,就不能用C的malloc,而是要用Python创建一个对象,然后把类名标注为BuiltinFunctionType。
(’’’
class Alloc(object):
__slots__ = map('x{}'.format, range((ctypes.sizeof(PyBuiltinObject)-ctypes.sizeof(PyPbject))/ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)))
def alloc_builtin():
obj = Alloc()
stru = ctypes.cast(id(obj), BuiltinObject)
stru.contents.ob_type = ctypes.c_void_p(id(type(cmp)))
return (obj, stru)
’’’)
第二步,我需要说明Python内置函数需要的C函数的规则:
BuiltinFunctionType有一个flags成员,就表示它的C函数使用的规则。其中最常用的是METH_VARARGS = 0x0001.
这种规则的函数第一个参数是当这个函数作为方法被调用的self,第二个参数是需要调用的参数包(有点绕口)args。
所以代码如下:
(’’’
def to_target(f):
CFUNCTYPE = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE
def target(self, args):
self = c_py_types.get_object(self)
args = c_py_types.get_object(args)
if self == None:
return f(*args)
else:
return f(self, *args)
return PyCFunction(target)
’’’)
接下来的第三步和第四步没什么难度,我就不赘述了。
源代码如下:
(’’’
import ctypes
class PyObject(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ob_refcnt', ctypes.c_ssize_t), ('ob_type', ctypes.c_void_p)]
Object = ctypes.POINTER(PyObject)
PyCFunction = CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.py_object, Object, Object)
class PyMethodDef(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ml_name', ctypes.c_char_p), ('ml_meth', PyCFunction),
('ml_flags', ctypes.c_int), ('ml_doc', ctypes.c_char_p)]
_MethodDef = ctypes.POINTER(PyMethodDef)
class PyBuiltinObject(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('ob_refcnt', ctypes.c_ssize_t), ('ob_type', ctypes.c_void_p), ('m_ml', _MethodDef), ('m_self',
Object),
('m_module', Object)]
BuiltinObject = ctypes.POINTER(PyBuiltinObject)
class Alloc(object):
__slots__ = map('x{}'.format, range((ctypes.sizeof(PyBuiltinObject)-ctypes.sizeof(PyPbject))/ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)))
def alloc_builtin():
obj = Alloc()
stru = ctypes.cast(id(obj), BuiltinObject)
stru.contents.ob_type = ctypes.c_void_p(id(type(cmp)))
return (obj, stru)
def to_target(f):
CFUNCTYPE = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE
def target(self, args):
self = c_py_types.get_object(self)
args = c_py_types.get_object(args)
if self == None:
return f(*args)
else:
return f(self, *args)
return PyCFunction(target)
def new_methoddef(name, meth, flags=METH_VARARGS, doc=""):
malloc = ctypes.cdll.msvcrt.malloc
malloc.argtypes = (ctypes.c_size_t,)
malloc.restype = _MethodDef
p = malloc(ctypes.sizeof(PyMethodDef))
p.contents = PyMethodDef(name, meth, flags, doc)
return p
def new_builtin(func, self=None):
obj, stru = alloc_builtin()
stru.contents.m_ml = \
new_methoddef(func.__name__, to_target(func), doc=("" if
func.__doc__ == None else func.__doc__))
slf = ctypes.cast(id(self), Object)
slf.ob_refcnt += 1
stru.contents.m_self = (ctypes.cast(ctypes.c_void_p(None),
Object) if self == None else
slf)
mdl = ctypes.cast(id(func.__module__), Object)
mdl.ob_refcnt += 1
stru.contents.m_module = mdl
return obj
if __name__ == "__main__":
@new_builtin
def echo(x):print x
echo("Hello world")
’’’)