Relational Database Index Design and the Optimizers

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Improve the performance of relational databases with indexes designed for today's hardware

Over the last few years, hardware and software have advanced beyond all recognition, so it's hardly surprising that relational database performance now receives much less attention. Unfortunately, the reality is that the improved hardware hasn't kept pace with the ever-increasing quantity of data processed today. Although disk packing densities have increased enormously, making storage costs extremely low and sequential read very fast, random reads are still painfully slow. Many of the old design recommendations are therefore no longer valid-the optimal point of indexing has come a long way. Consequently many of the old problems haven't actually gone away-they have simply changed their appearance.

This book provides an easy but effective approach to the design of indexes and tables. Using lots of examples and case studies, the authors describe how the DB2, Oracle, and SQL Server optimizers determine how to access data, and how CPU and response times for the resulting access paths can be quickly estimated. This enables comparisons to be made of the various designs, and helps you choose available choices for the most appropriate design.

This book is intended for anyone who wants to understand the issues of SQL performance or how to design tables and indexes effectively. With this title, readers with many years of experience of relational systems will be able to better grasp the implications that have been brought into play by the introduction of new hardware.


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Relational databases have been around now for more than 20 years. In their early days, performance problems were widespread due to limited hardware resources and immature optimizers, and so performance was a priority consideration. The situation is very different nowadays; hardware and software have advanced beyond all recognition. It’s hardly surprising that performance is now assumed to be able to take care of itself! But the reality is that despite the huge growth in resources, even greater growth has been seen in the amount of information that is now available and what needs to be done with this information. Additionally, one crucial aspect of the hardware has not kept pace with the times: Disks have certainly become larger and incredibly cheap, but they are still relatively slow with regards to their ability to directly access data. Consequently many of the old problems haven’t actually gone away—they have just changed their appearance. Some of these problems can have enormous implications— stories abound of “simple” queries that might have been expected to take a fraction of a second appear to be quite happy to take several minutes or even longer; this despite all the books that tell us how to code queries properly and how to organize the tables and what rules to follow to put the right columns into the indexes. So it is abundantly clear that there is a need for a book that goes beyond the usual boundaries and really starts to think about why so many people are still having so many problems today.

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