1高并发服务器：多路IO之select



1 select

A：select能监听的文件描述符个数受限于FD_SETSIZE,一般为1024，单纯改变进程打开

的文件描述符个数并不能改变select监听文件个数

B：解决1024以下客户端时使用select是很合适的，但如果链接客户端过多，select采用的是轮询模型，会大大降低服务器响应效率，不应在select上投入更多精力

2 依赖的头文件

#include <sys/select.h>

/* According to earlier standards */

#include <sys/time.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <unistd.h>

 

int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds,fd_set *writefds,fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);

说明：

nfds: 监控的文件描述符集里最大文件描述符加1，因为此参数会告诉内核检测前多少个文件描述符的状态

readfds：监控有读数据到达文件描述符集合，传入传出参数

writefds：监控写数据到达文件描述符集合，传入传出参数

exceptfds：监控异常发生达文件描述符集合,如带外数据到达异常，传入传出参数

timeout:定时阻塞监控时间，3中情况

1. NULL,永远等下去

2. 设置timeval,等待固定时间

3. 设置timeval里时间均为0，检查描述字后立即返回，轮询。

 

struct timeval {

long tv_sec; /* seconds */

long tv_usec; /* microseconds  微秒；一百万分之一秒*/

};

 

void FD_CLR(int fd,fd_set *set); 把文件描述符集合里fd清零

int FD_ISSET(int fd,fd_set *set); 测试文件描述符集合里fd是否置1

void FD_SET(int fd,fd_set *set); 把文件描述符集合里fd位置1

void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);    把文件描述符集合里所有位清0

 

select模型

 

案例说明：

Server.c

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> #include<netinet/in.h> #include<arpa/inet.h> #include<ctype.h> #include<unistd.h> #include"wrap.h"   #define MAXLINE 80 #define SERV_PORT 8000   int main(void) {     int i,maxi,maxfd,listenfd,connfd,sockfd;     /*      * nready为select之后返回的被监控管理的数量，      * 最大的被管理的文件最大的被管理的文件描述符的      * 数量是1024      */     /*FD_SETSIZE默认为1024*/     int nready,client[FD_SETSIZE]; /* FD_SETSIZE默认为1024 */     ssize_t n;     fd_set rset,allset;     char buf[MAXLINE];     /*下面表示的是ip地址的长度*/     char str[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];   /*#define IN*/     socklen_t cliaddr_len;     struct sockaddr_in cliaddr,servaddr;       /*整个服务器只有一个listenfd文件描述符*/     //1、建立一个socket,案例中是针对TCP的     listenfd = Socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);     bzero(&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr));     servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;     servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);     servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);     //2、Bind     Bind(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr));     //3、正在链接的时候最大支持128个，当accept之后就不管了     Listen(listenfd,20); /*默认最大128*/     maxfd = listenfd;    /*初始化*/     maxi = -1;           /*client[]的下标*/     for(i = 0;i < FD_SETSIZE;i++){         client[i] = -1;  /*用-1初始化client*/     }     //将管理的文件描述符集合的内容设置成为0     FD_ZERO(&allset);     //将listenfd纳入allset中进行管理     FD_SET(listenfd,&allset);   /*构造select监控文件描述符集*/     for(;;){         /*每次循环时都重新设置select监控信号集，这里相当于rset的一个备份*/         rset = allset;         //第一个参数是最大描述的最大值+1         nready = select(maxfd+1,&rset,NULL,NULL,NULL);         if(nready < 0) {             perr_exit("select error");         }         //判断listenfd是否已经纳入管理         if(FD_ISSET(listenfd,&rset)) {             cliaddr_len = sizeof(cliaddr);             connfd = Accept(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr,&cliaddr_len);             //打印ip地址和端口号             printf("received from %s at PORT %d\n",                 inet_ntop(AF_INET,&cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr,str,sizeof(str)),                 ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port));             for(i = 0;i < FD_SETSIZE;i++) {                 if(client[i] < 0) {                     client[i] = connfd;/*保存accept返回的文件描述符到client[]里*/                     break;                 }             }         }   /*达到select能监控的文件个数上限1024*/             if(i == FD_SETSIZE) {                 fputs("to many clients\n",stderr);                 exit(1);             }             /*添加一个新的文件描述符到监控信号集里*/             FD_SET(connfd,&allset);             if(connfd > maxfd)                 maxfd = connfd; /*select第一个参数需要*/             if(i > maxi)                 maxi = i;  /*更新client[]最大下标值*/             if(--nready == 0)                 /*如果没有更多的就绪文件描述符，继续回到上面select                  * 负责处理未完成的就绪文件描述符*/                 continue;     }       for(i = 0;i< maxi;i++) {         if((sockfd = client[i]) < 0)             continue;         if(FD_ISSET(sockfd,&rset)) {             if((n=Read(sockfd,buf,MAXLINE)) == 0) {                 /*当client关闭链接时，服务器端也关闭链接*/                 Close(sockfd);                 /*解除select监控文件描述符*/                 FD_CLR(sockfd,&allset);                 client[i] = -1;             } else {                 int j;                 for(j = 0; j< n;j++) {                     buf[j] = toupper(buf[j]);                 }                 Write(sockfd,buf,n);             }               if(--nready == 0)                 break;         }     }       Close(listenfd);     return 0; }

Client.c

#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include"wrap.h"   #define MAXLINE 80 #define SERV_PORT 8000   int main(void) {     struct sockaddr_in servaddr;     char buf[MAXLINE];     int sockfd,n;     //1.Socket     sockfd = Socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);     //设置ip和端口号等相关信息     bzero(&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr));     servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;     inet_pton(AF_INET,"127.0.0.1",&servaddr.sin_addr);     servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);     //2.建立连接     Connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr));         while(fgets(buf,MAXLINE,stdin) != NULL) {         //3.Write数据         Write(sockfd,buf,strlen(buf));         n = Read(sockfd,buf,MAXLINE);         if(n == 0) {             printf("the other side has been closed.\n");         } else {             Write(STDOUT_FILENO,buf,n);         }     }       Close(sockfd);     return 0; }

Wrap.h

#ifndef __WRAP_H_ #define __WRAP_H_   void perr_exit(const char *s); int Accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *salenptr); void Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen); void Connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen); void Listen(int fd, int backlog); int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol); ssize_t Read(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes); ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes); void Close(int fd); ssize_t Readn(int fd, void *vptr, size_t n); ssize_t Writen(int fd, const void *vptr, size_t n); static ssize_t my_read(int fd, char *ptr); ssize_t Readline(int fd, void *vptr, size_t maxlen);   #endif

Wrap.c

#include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/socket.h>   void perr_exit(const char *s) {          perror(s);          exit(1); }   int Accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *salenptr) {          int n;   again:          if ( (n = accept(fd, sa, salenptr)) < 0) {                    if ((errno == ECONNABORTED) || (errno == EINTR))                             goto again;                    else                             perr_exit("accept error");          }          return n; }   void Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen) {          if (bind(fd, sa, salen) < 0)                    perr_exit("bind error"); }   void Connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen) {          if (connect(fd, sa, salen) < 0)                    perr_exit("connect error"); }   void Listen(int fd, int backlog) {          if (listen(fd, backlog) < 0)                    perr_exit("listen error"); }   int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol) {          int n;            if ( (n = socket(family, type, protocol)) < 0)                    perr_exit("socket error");          return n; }   ssize_t Read(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes) {          ssize_t n;   again:          if ( (n = read(fd, ptr, nbytes)) == -1) {                    if (errno == EINTR)                             goto again;                    else                             return -1;          }          return n; }   ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes) {          ssize_t n;   again:          if ( (n = write(fd, ptr, nbytes)) == -1) {                    if (errno == EINTR)                             goto again;                    else                             return -1;          }          return n; }   void Close(int fd) {          if (close(fd) == -1)                    perr_exit("close error"); } ssize_t Readn(int fd, void *vptr, size_t n) {          size_t  nleft;          ssize_t nread;          char   *ptr;            ptr = vptr;          nleft = n;          while (nleft > 0) {                    if ( (nread = read(fd, ptr, nleft)) < 0) {                             if (errno == EINTR)                                      nread = 0;                             else                                      return -1;                    } else if (nread == 0)                             break;                      nleft -= nread;                    ptr += nread;          }          return n - nleft; }   ssize_t Writen(int fd, const void *vptr, size_t n) {          size_t nleft;          ssize_t nwritten;          const char *ptr;            ptr = vptr;          nleft = n;          while (nleft > 0) {                    if ( (nwritten = write(fd, ptr, nleft)) <= 0) {                             if (nwritten < 0 && errno == EINTR)                                      nwritten = 0;                             else                                      return -1;                    }                      nleft -= nwritten;                    ptr += nwritten;          }          return n; } static ssize_t my_read(int fd, char *ptr) {          static int read_cnt;          static char *read_ptr;          static char read_buf[100];            if (read_cnt <= 0) { again:                    if ( (read_cnt = read(fd, read_buf, sizeof(read_buf))) < 0) {                             if (errno == EINTR)                                      goto again;                             return -1;                    } else if (read_cnt == 0)                             return 0;                    read_ptr = read_buf;          }          read_cnt--;          *ptr = *read_ptr++;          return 1; }   ssize_t Readline(int fd, void *vptr, size_t maxlen) {          ssize_t n, rc;          char    c, *ptr;            ptr = vptr;          for (n = 1; n < maxlen; n++) {                    if ( (rc = my_read(fd, &c)) == 1) {                             *ptr++ = c;                             if (c  == '\n')                                      break;                    } else if (rc == 0) {                             *ptr = 0;                             return n - 1;                    } else                             return -1;          }          *ptr  = 0;          return n; }