同大多数关系型数据库一样,日志文件是MySQL数据库的重要组成部分。MySQL有几种不同的日志文件,通常包括错误日志文件,二进制日志,通用日志,慢查询日志,等等。这些日志可以帮助我们定位mysqld内部发生的事件,数据库性能故障,记录数据的变更历史,用户恢复数据库等等。二进制日志,也叫binary log,是MySQL Server中最为重要的日志之一,本文主要描述二进制日志。
1、MySQL日志文件系统的组成
a、错误日志:记录启动、运行或停止mysqld时出现的问题。
b、通用日志:记录建立的客户端连接和执行的语句。
c、更新日志:记录更改数据的语句。该日志在MySQL 5.1中已不再使用。
d、二进制日志:记录所有更改数据的语句。还用于复制。
e、慢查询日志:记录所有执行时间超过long_query_time秒的所有查询或不使用索引的查询。
f、Innodb日志:innodb redo log
缺省情况下,所有日志创建于mysqld数据目录中。
可以通过刷新日志,来强制mysqld来关闭和重新打开日志文件(或者在某些情况下切换到一个新的日志)。
当你执行一个FLUSH LOGS语句或执行mysqladmin flush-logs或mysqladmin refresh时,则日志被老化。
对于存在MySQL复制的情形下,从复制服务器将维护更多日志文件,被称为接替日志。
2、二进制日志(Binary log)
a、它包含的内容及作用如下:
包含了所有更新了数据或者已经潜在更新了数据(比如没有匹配任何行的一个DELETE)
包含关于每个更新数据库(DML)的语句的执行时间信息
不包含没有修改任何数据的语句,如果需要启用该选项,需要开启通用日志功能
主要目的是尽可能的将数据库恢复到数据库故障点,因为二进制日志包含备份后进行的所有更新
用于在主复制服务器上记录所有将发送给从服务器的语句
启用该选项数据库性能降低1%,但保障数据库完整性,对于重要数据库值得以性能换完整。有些类似于oracle开启归档模式。
b、开启二进制日志的方法及属性
使用--log-bin[=file_name]选项或在配置文件中指定log-bin启动时,mysqld写入包含所有更新数据的SQL命令的日志文件。
对于未给出file_name值, 默认名为-bin后面所跟的主机名。
在未指定绝对路径的情形下,缺省位置保存在数据目录下。
每个二进制日志名会添加一个数字扩展名用于日志老化,因此不支持自定义的扩展名,会被mysql数字扩展名动态替换。
若当前的日志大小达到max_binlog_size,则自动创建新的二进制日志。
对于大的事务,二进制日志会超过max_binlog_size设定的值。也即是事务仅仅写入一个二进制日志。
由是可知,二进制日志文件大小接近,其size不是完全相等,这点不同于oracle。
二进制日志文件会有一个对应二进制日志索引文件,该文件包含所有的二进制日志,其文件名与二进制日志相同,扩展名为.index
二进制索引文件通过--log-bin-index[=file_name]选项来指定
RESET MASTER语句将删除所有二进制日志文件,这将影响到从库。也可以用PURGE MASTER LOGS只删除部分二进制文件。
3、二进制日志相关演示
- a、启用二进制日志
- --当前环境
- root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%version%';
- +-------------------------+------------------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +-------------------------+------------------------------+
- | innodb_version | 5.5.39 |
- | protocol_version | 10 |
- | slave_type_conversions | |
- | version | 5.5.39 |
- | version_comment | MySQL Community Server (GPL) |
- | version_compile_machine | x86_64 |
- | version_compile_os | Linux |
- +-------------------------+------------------------------+
- root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%log_bin%';
- +---------------------------------+-------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +---------------------------------+-------+
- | log_bin | OFF | --该参数用于设定是否启用二进制日志
- | log_bin_trust_function_creators | OFF |
- | sql_log_bin | ON |
- +---------------------------------+-------+
- --以下为binary log相关参数
- root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%binlog%';
- +-----------------------------------------+----------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +-----------------------------------------+----------------------+
- | binlog_cache_size | 32768 |
- | binlog_direct_non_transactional_updates | OFF |
- | binlog_format | STATEMENT |
- | binlog_stmt_cache_size | 32768 |
- | innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog | OFF |
- | max_binlog_cache_size | 18446744073709547520 |
- | max_binlog_size | 1073741824 |
- | max_binlog_stmt_cache_size | 18446744073709547520 |
- | sync_binlog | 0 |
- +-----------------------------------------+----------------------+
- --当前mysql服务器数据文件的缺省位置
- root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%datadir%';
- +---------------+-----------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +---------------+-----------------+
- | datadir | /var/lib/mysql/ |
- +---------------+-----------------+
- --停止mysql服务器
- suse11b:~ # service mysql stop
- Shutting down MySQL.... done
- --编辑my.cnf来设定binary log日志位置(注,配置二进制日志路径及文件名后,系统变量log_bin被自动置为on)
- suse11b:~ # vi /etc/my.cnf
- suse11b:~ # grep -v ^# /etc/my.cnf
- [mysqld]
- log-error=/tmp/suse11b.err
- log_bin=/var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog
- suse11b:~ # mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql/binarylog
- suse11b:~ # chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/binarylog
- suse11b:~ # /etc/init.d/mysql start
- Starting MySQL.. done
- suse11b:~ # ls -hltr /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/*
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 39 Oct 3 13:41 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index #索引文件
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Oct 3 13:41 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000001 #日志文件
- b、切换日志
- suse11b:~ # mysql -uroot -pxxx
- root@localhost[(none)]> flush logs;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
- root@localhost[(none)]> system ls -hltr /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/*
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 78 Oct 3 13:43 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Oct 3 13:43 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000002 #切换后产生了000002
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:43 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000001
- root@localhost[(none)]> system mysqladmin flush-logs #使用mysqladmin命令行工具flush-logs方式切换日志
- root@localhost[(none)]> system ls -hltr /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/*
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:43 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000001
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 117 Oct 3 13:45 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Oct 3 13:45 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000003 #切换后产生了000003
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:45 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000002
- root@localhost[(none)]> system mysqladmin refresh #使用mysqladmin命令行工具refresh方式切换日志
- root@localhost[(none)]> system ls -hltr /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/*
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:43 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000001
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:45 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000002
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 156 Oct 3 13:46 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Oct 3 13:46 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000004 #切换后产生了000004
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:46 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000003
- c、模拟产生二进制日志及查看内容
- root@localhost[(none)]> create database tempdb;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- root@localhost[(none)]> use tempdb
- Database changed
- root@localhost[tempdb]> create table tb1(id smallint,val varchar(10));
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> insert into tb1 values(1,'jack');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> system strings /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000004
- bin?8.T
- 5.5.39-log
- z=.T
- tempdb
- create database tempdb
- tempdb
- create table tb1(id smallint,val varchar(10))
- tempdb
- BEGIN
- tempdb
- insert into tb1 values(1,'jack')
- root@localhost[tempdb]> system more /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index
- /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000001
- /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000002
- /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000003
- /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000004
- --使用命令行工具mysqlbinlog直接提取二进制日志的内容
- root@localhost[tempdb]> system mysqlbinlog /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000004
- /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
- /*!40019 SET @@session.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
- /*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
- DELIMITER /*!*/;
- # at 4
- #141003 13:46:39 server id 1 end_log_pos 107 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.5.39-log created 141003 13:46:39
- # Warning: this binlog is either in use or was not closed properly.
- BINLOG '
- PzguVA8BAAAAZwAAAGsAAAABAAQANS41LjM5LWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
- AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAVAAEGggAAAAICAgCAA==
- '/*!*/;
- # at 107
- #141003 14:08:58 server id 1 end_log_pos 194 Query thread_id=1 exec_time=0 error_code=0
- SET TIMESTAMP=1412316538/*!*/;
- SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=1/*!*/;
- SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
- SET @@session.sql_mode=0/*!*/;
- SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
- /*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
- SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
- SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
- SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
- create database tempdb
- /*!*/;
- # at 194
- #141003 14:09:36 server id 1 end_log_pos 304 Query thread_id=1 exec_time=0 error_code=0
- use `tempdb`/*!*/;
- SET TIMESTAMP=1412316576/*!*/;
- create table tb1(id smallint,val varchar(10))
- /*!*/;
- # at 304
- #141003 14:09:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 374 Query thread_id=1 exec_time=0 error_code=0
- SET TIMESTAMP=1412316596/*!*/;
- BEGIN
- /*!*/;
- # at 374
- #141003 14:09:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 471 Query thread_id=1 exec_time=0 error_code=0
- SET TIMESTAMP=1412316596/*!*/;
- insert into tb1 values(1,'jack')
- /*!*/;
- # at 471
- #141003 14:09:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 498 Xid = 25
- COMMIT/*!*/;
- DELIMITER ;
- # End of log file
- ROLLBACK /* added by mysqlbinlog */;
- /*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
- /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
- --从以上的内容可以看出二进制日志记录了所有操作的DML语句及其开销,以及一些系统环境变量的信息。
- d、管理二进制日志
- --对于二进制日志,应尽可能保存在安全的位置,与数据分开存储
- --使用show binary logs获取二进制日志相关信息
- root@localhost[(none)]> help show binary logs;
- Name: 'SHOW BINARY LOGS'
- Description:
- Syntax:
- SHOW BINARY LOGS
- SHOW MASTER LOGS
- Lists the binary log files on the server. This statement is used as
- part of the procedure described in [HELP PURGE BINARY LOGS], that shows
- how to determine which logs can be purged.
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binary logs;
- +---------------+-----------+
- | Log_name | File_size |
- +---------------+-----------+
- | binlog.000001 | 147 |
- | binlog.000002 | 147 |
- | binlog.000003 | 147 |
- | binlog.000004 | 498 |
- +---------------+-----------+
- show binlog events用于在二进制日志中显示事件。如果未指定'log_name',则显示第一个二进制日志。
- root@localhost[(none)]> help show binlog events; --获取帮助信息
- Name: 'SHOW BINLOG EVENTS'
- Description:
- Syntax:
- SHOW BINLOG EVENTS
- [IN 'log_name'] [FROM pos] [LIMIT [offset,] row_count]
- Shows the events in the binary log. If you do not specify 'log_name',
- the first binary log is displayed.
- root@localhost[(none)]> show binlog events;
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
- | Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
- | binlog.000001 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 107 | Server ver: 5.5.39-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
- | binlog.000001 | 107 | Rotate | 1 | 147 | binlog.000002;pos=4 |
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
- root@localhost[(none)]> show binlog events in 'binlog.000005'; --binlog.000005不存在,所以报错
- ERROR 1220 (HY000): Error when executing command SHOW BINLOG EVENTS: Could not find target log
- --下面的这个查询中,前面执行的DML在这里均可以看到
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binlog events in 'binlog.000004';
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
- | binlog.000004 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 107 | Server ver: 5.5.39-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
- | binlog.000004 | 107 | Query | 1 | 194 | create database tempdb |
- | binlog.000004 | 194 | Query | 1 | 304 | use `tempdb`; create table tb1(id smallint,val varchar(10)) |
- | binlog.000004 | 304 | Query | 1 | 374 | BEGIN |
- | binlog.000004 | 374 | Query | 1 | 471 | use `tempdb`; insert into tb1 values(1,'jack') |
- | binlog.000004 | 471 | Xid | 1 | 498 | COMMIT /* xid=25 */ |
- +---------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binlog events in 'binlog.000004' from 374;
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- | Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- | binlog.000004 | 374 | Query | 1 | 471 | use `tempdb`; insert into tb1 values(1,'jack') |
- | binlog.000004 | 471 | Xid | 1 | 498 | COMMIT /* xid=25 */ |
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binlog events in 'binlog.000004' from 374 limit 1;
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- | Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- | binlog.000004 | 374 | Query | 1 | 471 | use `tempdb`; insert into tb1 values(1,'jack') |
- +---------------+-----+------------+-----------+-------------+------------------------------------------------+
- d、删除历史日志
- --使用purge手动删除指定日志
- --使用expire-log-days删除失效日志,设置变量expire_logs_days,删除超出这个变量保留期之前的所有日志被删除
- --自动日志删除通常发生在服务器启动以及日志flush
- --reset master方式
- root@localhost[(none)]> help purge;
- Name: 'PURGE BINARY LOGS'
- Description:
- Syntax:
- PURGE { BINARY | MASTER } LOGS
- { TO 'log_name' | BEFORE datetime_expr }
- Examples:
- PURGE BINARY LOGS TO 'mysql-bin.010';
- PURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE '2008-04-02 22:46:26';
- root@localhost[tempdb]> purge binary logs to 'binlog.000003';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binary logs;
- +---------------+-----------+
- | Log_name | File_size |
- +---------------+-----------+
- | binlog.000003 | 147 |
- | binlog.000004 | 498 |
- +---------------+-----------+
- root@localhost[tempdb]> system ls -hltr /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/*
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 147 Oct 3 13:46 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000003
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 498 Oct 3 14:09 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.000004
- -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 78 Oct 3 14:23 /var/lib/mysql/binarylog/binlog.index
- --使用before子句purge日志,binlog.000003被删除
- root@localhost[tempdb]> purge binary logs before '2014-10-03 14:09:56';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binary logs;
- +---------------+-----------+
- | Log_name | File_size |
- +---------------+-----------+
- | binlog.000004 | 498 |
- +---------------+-----------+
- --Author: Leshami
- --Blog : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami
- --重置所有日志
- --reset master将删除在索引文件中列出所有的日志文件并重置索引文件,最后生成一个新的binlog文件。
- --该操作之前先备份binlog至其它位置以备以后需要。
- root@localhost[tempdb]> help reset master;
- Name: 'RESET MASTER'
- Description:
- Syntax:
- RESET MASTER
- Deletes all binary log files listed in the index file, resets the
- binary log index file to be empty, and creates a new binary log file.
- This statement is intended to be used only when the master is started
- for the first time.
- root@localhost[tempdb]> reset master;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show binary logs;
- +---------------+-----------+
- | Log_name | File_size |
- +---------------+-----------+
- | binlog.000001 | 107 | --reset之后,从000001开始生成全新空日志
- +---------------+-----------+
- --expire_log系统变量控制二进制日志自动删除的天数。默认值为0,表示“没有自动删除”。启动时和二进制日志循环时可能删除。
- root@localhost[tempdb]> show variables like 'expire_log%';
- +------------------+-------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +------------------+-------+
- | expire_logs_days | 0 |
- +------------------+-------+
- root@localhost[tempdb]> set expire_logs_days=7; --提示次系统变量为全局变量
- ERROR 1229 (HY000): Variable 'expire_logs_days' is a GLOBAL variable and should be set with SET GLOBAL
- root@localhost[tempdb]> set global expire_logs_days=7; --设置
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- root@localhost[tempdb]> select @@expire_logs_days;
- +--------------------+
- | @@expire_logs_days |
- +--------------------+
- | 7 |
- +--------------------+