观察者模式(Observer Pattern)

观察者模式(Observer Pattern):定义了对象之间的一对多依赖,这样一样,当一个对象(主题)改变状态时,它的所有依赖者(观察者)都会收到通知并自动更新

注:可以使用推或拉的方法,推(主题自动更新数据),拉(观察者主动更新数据,例如使用getter方法)

 

实例:气象站要实时通知布告板更新数据,布告板应该能灵活地增加

分析:如果在气象站里直接接加布告板则违反了针对接口编程的原则,无法动态地增加布告板.

 

代码:

JAVA:

1. import java.util.ArrayList;
2. interface Observer
3. {
4.     public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
5. }
6. interface Subject
7. {
8.     public void registerObserver(Observer o);
9.     public void removeObserver(Observer o);
10.     public void notifyObservers();
12. }
13. interface DisplayElement
14. {
15.     public void display();
16. }
18. class WeatherData implements Subject
19. {
20.     private ArrayList observers;
21.     private float temperature;
22.     private float humidity;
23.     private float pressure;
25.     public WeatherData()
26.     {
27.         observers = new ArrayList();
28.     }
30.     public void registerObserver(Observer o)
31.     {
32.         observers.add(o);
33.     }
34.     public void removeObserver(Observer o)
35.     {
36.         int i = observers.indexOf(o);
37.         if (i >= 0)
38.         {
39.             observers.remove(i);
40.         }
41.     }
43.     public void notifyObservers()
44.     {
45.         for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++)
46.         {
47.             Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i);
48.             observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
49.         }
51.     }
53.     public void measurementsChanged()
54.     {
55.         notifyObservers();
56.     }
58.     public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
59.     {
60.         this.temperature = temperature;
61.         this.humidity = humidity;
62.         this.pressure = pressure;
63.         measurementsChanged();
64.     }
66. }
68. class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement
69. {
70.     private float temperature;
71.     private float humidity;
72.     private Subject weatherData;
73.     public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData)
74.     {
75.         this.weatherData = weatherData;
76.         weatherData.registerObserver(this);
77.     }
78.     public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
79.     {
80.         this.temperature = temperature;
81.         this.humidity = humidity;
82.         display();
83.     }
84.     public void display()
85.     {
86.         System.out.println("Current condition :" + temperature + "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
87.     }
88. }
90. class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement
91. {
92.     private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
93.     private float lastPressure;
94.     private Subject weatherData;
95.     public ForecastDisplay(Subject weatherData)
96.     {
97.         this.weatherData = weatherData;
98.         weatherData.registerObserver(this);
99.     }
101.     public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
102.     {
103.         
104.             
105.             lastPressure = currentPressure;
106.             currentPressure = temperature;
107.             display();
108.         
109.     }
111.     public void display()
112.     {
113.         System.out.print("Forecast: ");
114.         if (currentPressure > lastPressure)
115.         {
116.             System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
117.         }
118.         else if (currentPressure == lastPressure)
119.         {
120.             System.out.println("More of the same");
121.         }
122.         else if (currentPressure < lastPressure)
123.         {
124.             System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
125.         }
126.     }
127. }
128. class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement
129. {
130.     private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
131.     private float minTemp = 200;
132.     private float tempSum = 0.0f;
133.     private int numReadings;
134.      private Subject weatherData;
136.      public StatisticsDisplay(Subject weatherData)
137.     {
138.         this.weatherData = weatherData;
139.         weatherData.registerObserver(this);
140.     }
142.      public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
143.     {
144.         
145.             tempSum += temperature;
146.             numReadings++;
148.             if (temperature > maxTemp)
149.             {
150.                 maxTemp = temperature;
151.             }
153.             if (temperature < minTemp)
154.             {
155.                 minTemp = temperature;
156.             }
158.             display();
159.         
160.     }
162.     public void display()
163.     {
164.         System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
165.             + "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
166.     }
167. }
170. public  class WeatherStation
171. {
172.     public static void main(String[] args)
173.     {
174.         WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
175.         Observer currentDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
176.         Observer forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
177.         Observer statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
178.         weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
179.         weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
181.         weatherData.removeObserver(forecastDisplay);
182.         weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
184.     }
185. }

 

C++:

1. // WeatherStation.cpp : 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
2. //
4. #include "stdafx.h"
5. #include <iostream>
6. #include <list>
7. using namespace std;
10. class Observer
11. {
12. public:
13.     virtual  void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure)=0;
14. };
16. class Subject
17. {
18. public:
19.     virtual void registerObserver(Observer* o)=0;
20.     virtual void removeObserver(Observer* o)=0;
21.     virtual void notifyObservers()=0;
23. };
25. class DisplayElement
26. {
27. public:
28.     virtual void display()=0;
29. };
31. class WeatherData :public  Subject
32. {
33. private: 
34.     list<Observer *> observers;
35.     float temperature;
36.     float humidity;
37.     float pressure;
39. public:
40.     WeatherData()
41.     {
42.         
43.     }
45.     void registerObserver(Observer* o)
46.     {
47.         observers.push_back(o);
48.     }
49.     void removeObserver(Observer* o)
50.     {
51.         observers.remove(o);
52.         
53.         
54.     }
56.     void notifyObservers()
57.     {
59.         list<Observer *>::iterator iter; 
60.         for(iter=observers.begin();iter!=observers.end();iter++) 
61.         { 
62.             (*iter)->update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
63.         } 
66.     
68.     }
70.     void measurementsChanged()
71.     {
72.         notifyObservers();
73.     }
75.     void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
76.     {
77.         this->temperature = temperature;
78.         this->humidity = humidity;
79.         this->pressure = pressure;
80.         measurementsChanged();
81.     }
83. };
85. class CurrentConditionsDisplay :public  Observer, public DisplayElement
86. {
87. private:
88.     float temperature;
89.     float humidity;
90.     Subject* weatherData;
92. public:
93.     CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject* weatherData)
94.     {
95.         this->weatherData = weatherData;
96.         weatherData->registerObserver(this);
97.     }
98.     void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
99.     {
100.         this->temperature = temperature;
101.         this->humidity = humidity;
102.         display();
103.     }
104.     void display()
105.     {
106.         cout<<"Current condition :" << temperature << "F degrees and " << humidity << "% humidity/n";
107.     }
109. };
111. class ForecastDisplay :public  Observer, public DisplayElement
112. {
113. private:
114.     float currentPressure;
115.     float lastPressure;
116.     Subject* weatherData;
117. public:
118.     ForecastDisplay(Subject* weatherData)
119.     {
120.          currentPressure = 29.92f;
121.         this->weatherData = weatherData;
122.         weatherData->registerObserver(this);
123.     }
125.      void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
126.     {
127.         
128.             
129.             lastPressure = currentPressure;
130.             currentPressure = temperature;
131.             display();
132.         
133.     }
135.      void display()
136.     {
137.         cout<<"Forecast: ";
138.         if (currentPressure > lastPressure)
139.         {
140.             cout<<"Improving weather on the way!/n";
141.         }
142.         else if (currentPressure == lastPressure)
143.         {
144.             cout<<"More of the same/n";
145.         }
146.         else if (currentPressure < lastPressure)
147.         {
148.             cout<<"Watch out for cooler, rainy weather/n";
149.         }
150.     }
151. };
153. class StatisticsDisplay:public  Observer, public DisplayElement
154. {
155. private:
156.     float maxTemp ;
157.     float minTemp ;
158.     float tempSum ;
159.     int numReadings;
160.      Subject* weatherData;
162. public:
163.     StatisticsDisplay(Subject* weatherData)
164.     {
165.         maxTemp = 0.0f;
166.         minTemp = 200;
167.         tempSum = 0.0f;
169.         this->weatherData = weatherData;
170.         weatherData->registerObserver(this);
171.     }
173.     void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure)
174.     {
175.         
176.             tempSum += temperature;
177.             numReadings++;
179.             if (temperature > maxTemp)
180.             {
181.                 maxTemp = temperature;
182.             }
184.             if (temperature < minTemp)
185.             {
186.                 minTemp = temperature;
187.             }
189.             display();
190.         
191.     }
193.     void display()
194.     {
195.         cout<<"Avg/Max/Min temperature = " << tempSum / numReadings<<"/" <<maxTemp << "/" << minTemp<<endl;
196.     }
197. };
198. int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
199. {
200.     WeatherData* weatherData = new WeatherData();
201.     Observer* currentDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
202.     Observer* forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
203.     Observer* statisticsDisplay =new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
205.     weatherData->setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
206.     weatherData->setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
208.     weatherData->removeObserver(forecastDisplay);
209.     weatherData->setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
210.     return 0;
211. }

 

结果: