状态模式--State

定义：允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为， 对象看起来好像修改了它的类；

形象比喻：跟MM交往时，一定要注意她的状态哦，在不同的状态时她的行为会有不同，比如你约她今天晚上去看电影，对你没兴趣的MM就会说 “有事情啦”，对你不讨厌但还没喜欢上的MM就会说“好啊，不过可以带上我同事么？”，已经喜欢上你的MM就会说“几点钟？看完电影再去泡吧怎么样？”，当然你看电影过程中表现良好的话，也可以把MM的状态从不讨厌不喜欢变成喜欢哦。

状态模式把所研究的对象的行为包装在不同的状态对象里，每一个状态对象都属于一个抽象状态类的一个子类。状态模式的意图是让一个对象在其内部状态改变的时候，其行为也随之改变。状态模式需要对每一个系统可能取得的状态创立一个状态类的子类。当系统的状态变化时，系统便改变所选的子类。

状态模式跟策略模式有相近的地方。 就状态模式而言， 我们将一群行为封装在状态对象中， context的行为随时可以委托到那些状态对象中的一个，我们把状态模式想成是不用在context中放置许多条件判断的替代方案。 就策略模式而言， 客户通常主动指定context所要组合的策略对象是哪一个。 我们把策略模式想成是除了继承之外的一种弹性替代方案。 

本例中， 采用糖果机来模拟状态模式。糖果机四种基本状态：NoQuarter， HasQuarter， Sold， SoldOut。 在本例中我们还加入了另外一种状态：Winner，即随机出现中奖概率， 多出来一枚糖果。 

下面是具体代码：

1、各种状态类定义：

State.java 

interface State {
	public void insertQuarter();
	public void ejectQuarter();
	public void turnCrank();
	public void dispense();
}

NoQuarterState.java

public class NoQuarterState implements State {
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
	
	public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	
	@Override
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You inserted a quarter");
		gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
	}

	@Override
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You haven't insert a quarter");
	}

	@Override
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
	}

	@Override
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("You need to pay first");
	}
	
}

HasQuarterState.java

public class HasQuarterState implements State {
	Random randWinner = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
	
	public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	
	@Override
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
	}

	@Override
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Quarter returned");
		gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
	}

	@Override
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("You turned...");
		int winner = randWinner.nextInt(10);
		if ((winner == 0) && (gumballMachine.getCount() > 1)) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getWinnerState());
		}
		gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
	}

	@Override
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
	}
	
}

SoldState.java

public class SoldState implements State {
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
	
	public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	
	@Override
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
	}

	@Override
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Sorry, you alredy turned the crank");
	}

	@Override
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball");
	}

	@Override
	public void dispense() {
		gumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
		}
		else {
			System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs");
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		}
		System.out.println("dispense the gumball");
	}
	
}

SoldOutState.java

public class SoldOutState implements State {
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
	
	public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	
	@Override
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs, can't insert quarter");
	}

	@Override
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs, can't eject quarter");
	}

	@Override
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs, can't turn crank");
	}

	@Override
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs, can't dispense");
	}
	
}

WinnerState.java

public class WinnerState implements State {
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
	
	public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
	
	@Override
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
	}

	@Override
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Sorry, you alredy turned the crank");
	}

	@Override
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball");
	}

	@Override
	public void dispense() {
		gumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if (gumballMachine.getCount() == 0) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		}
		else  {
			gumballMachine.releaseBall();
			if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
				gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
			}
			else {
				System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs");
				gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
			}
		}
		System.out.println("YOU'RE A WINNER! you get two gumballs for your quarter");
	}	
}

2、糖果机类

GumballMachine.java

public class GumballMachine {
	State soldOutState;
	State soldState;
	State noQuarterState;
	State hasQuarterState;
	State winnerState;

	State state = soldOutState;
	int count = 0;
	
	public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
		soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
		soldState = new SoldState(this);
		noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
		hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
		winnerState = new WinnerState(this);
		this.count = numberGumballs;
		if (numberGumballs > 0) {
			state = noQuarterState;
		}
	}
	
	public void insertQuarter() {
		state.insertQuarter();
	}
	
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		state.ejectQuarter();
	}
	
	public void turnCrank() {
		state.turnCrank();
		state.dispense();
	}
	
	public int getCount() {
		return count;
	}
	
	public State getSoldOutState() {
		return soldOutState;
	}
	
	public State getSoldState() {
		return soldState;
	}
	
	public State getNoQuarterState() {
		return noQuarterState;
	}
	
	public State getHasQuarterState() {
		return hasQuarterState;
	}
	
	public State getWinnerState() {
		return winnerState;
	}
	
	void setState(State state) {
		this.state = state;
	}
	
	void releaseBall() {
		System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
		if (count != 0) {
			count = count - 1;
		}
	}
	
	//@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Mighty Gumball, Inc.";//state.toString();
	}
}

3、测试程序

GumballMachineMain.java

public class GumballMachineMain {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);
		System.out.println(gumballMachine);
		
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		
		System.out.println(gumballMachine);
		
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		
		System.out.println(gumballMachine);
	}
}

参考：《Head First设计模式》