前言
本文详细介绍异步请求池的实现过程，并使用DNS服务来测试异步请求池的性能。
两个必须牢记心中的概念：
- 同步：
检测IO 与 读写IO 在同一个流程里 - 异步：
检测IO 与 读写IO 不在同一个流程
同步请求 与 异步请求 的处理流程
同步请求的处理流程
我们知道，同步：检测IO 与 读写IO 在同一个流程里,那么就意味着，发送消息之后，需要等待返回结果，在结果没有返回之前都在阻塞等待，图中我们发了3次请求，很明显的看出，这三个请求是串行的。都串行了，怎么搞并发呀！下面来看看异步请求。
同步请求 与 异步请求的 差异
很明显，同步需要阻塞等待一个请求的完成，异步不需要。同步是一个线程处理所有请求，异步是两个线程。那么如果请1000个请求需要完成呢？必然不可能采用同步阻塞等待的方案，第1000个请求不得等睡着啊。
设计异步请求池
初步构思
在第三方服务中，连接sockfd都是同步的，也就是说，在同步的流程上，一个连接，可以发多个请求，只不过需要阻塞等待上一条请求返回结果而已。
而异步呢，异步的其中一个线程的任务必然是一直发送请求，那么必然是非阻塞的，那么我们设计一个请求对应一个fd。“池的概念就出来了”，在send之后，我们将fd加入到epoll中，而epoll_wait在哪呢？在另一个线程中，epoll所在的线程就一直检测epoll中是否有fd可读。
说的通俗一点，一个请求send之后，将对应的fd加入到epoll里面，另一个线程在一直epoll_wait()读数据。
四元组 init、commit、callback、destroy
//init
struct async_context *dns_async_client_init(void);
//commit
int dns_async_client_commit(struct async_context *ctx, const char *domain, async_result_cb cb);
//pthread callback
static void *dns_async_client_proc(void *arg);
//destroy
int dns_async_client_destroy(struct async_context *ctx);
- init：初始化函数只做三件事
-
1.calloc()创建上下文结构体 2.epoll_create()创建一个epoll fd 3.pthread_create()创建一个新线程。 - commit：commit函数就是发送请求，它做五件事
-
1.socket 创建socket 2.connect连接到第三方服务 3.encode--->mysql/redis/dns 根据对应的协议将发送的数据封装好 4.send将数据发送出去 5.epoll_ctl(ctx->epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &ev);把fd加入到epoll中 - pthread callback：创建线程时需要给他传递一个回调函数，它做下面伪代码的事情
-
while(1){ nready=epoll_wait() for(){ recv(); parser();//解析协议 epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, sockfd, NULL); } } - destroy：init创建了什么就销毁什么
-
1.close(epfd); 2.pthread_cancel(thid); 3.free(ctx);应用协议DNS异步请求池实现
1. 初始化请求池init
- init：初始化函数只做两件事
1.calloc创建上下文结构体
2.epoll_create()创建一个epoll fd
3.pthread_create()创建一个新线程。
struct async_context {
int ep_fd;
pthread_t thread_id;
};
//TODO init
//1.malloc ctx;
//2.epoll_create
//3.pthread_create
struct async_context *dns_async_client_init(void) {
int epfd = epoll_create(1); //
if (epfd < 0) return NULL;
struct async_context *ctx = calloc(1, sizeof(struct async_context));
if (ctx == NULL) {
close(epfd);
return NULL;
}
ctx->ep_fd = epfd;
int ret = pthread_create(&ctx->thread_id, NULL, dns_async_client_proc, ctx);
if (ret) {
perror("pthread_create");
return NULL;
}
usleep(1); //child go first
return ctx;
}
2. 建立连接提交请求commit
- commit：commit函数就是发送请求，它做五件事
1.socket 创建socket
2.connect连接到第三方服务
3.encode--->mysql/redis/dns 根据对应的协议将发送的数据封装好
4.send将数据发送出去
5.epoll_ctl(ctx->epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &ev);把fd加入到epoll中
注意这里有一个async_result_cb回调函数，它是负责对fd接收到第三方服务返回的数据之后的回调函数。
//TODO commit
//1.socket
//2.connect
//3.encode ---> redis/mysql/dns
//4.send
//5.epoll_ctl(ctx->ep_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &ev);
int dns_async_client_commit(struct async_context *ctx, const char *domain, async_result_cb cb) {
//socket
int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sockfd < 0) {
perror("create socket failed\n");
exit(-1);
}
printf("url:%s\n", domain);
set_block(sockfd, 0); //nonblock
struct sockaddr_in dest;
bzero(&dest, sizeof(dest));
dest.sin_family = AF_INET;
dest.sin_port = htons(53);
dest.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(DNS_SVR);
//connect
connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &dest, sizeof(dest));
//encode
struct dns_header header = {0};
dns_create_header(&header);
struct dns_question question = {0};
dns_create_question(&question, domain);
char request[1024] = {0};
int req_len = dns_build_request(&header, &question, request);
//send
sendto(sockfd, request, req_len, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &dest, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
struct ep_arg *eparg = (struct ep_arg *) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ep_arg));
if (eparg == NULL) return -1;
eparg->sockfd = sockfd;
eparg->cb = cb;
struct epoll_event ev;
ev.data.ptr = eparg;
ev.events = EPOLLIN;
//epoll_ctl
int ret = epoll_ctl(ctx->ep_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &ev);
return ret;
}
3. epoll线程的回调函数callback
- pthread callback：创建线程时需要给他传递一个回调函数，它做下面伪代码的事情
while(1){
nready=epoll_wait()
for(){
recv();
parser();//解析协议
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, sockfd, NULL);
}
}
//TODO pthread callback
/*
while(1){
epoll_wait();
recv;
parser();
data callback();
epoll_ctl(ep_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, sockfd, NULL);
free(date);
}
*/
static void *dns_async_client_proc(void *arg) {
struct async_context *ctx = (struct async_context *) arg;
int epfd = ctx->ep_fd;
while (1) {
struct epoll_event events[ASYNC_CLIENT_NUM] = {0};
int nready = epoll_wait(epfd, events, ASYNC_CLIENT_NUM, -1);
if (nready <= 0) {
continue;
}
printf("nready:%d\n", nready);
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < nready; i++) {
struct ep_arg *data = (struct ep_arg *) events[i].data.ptr;
int sockfd = data->sockfd;
char buffer[1024] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in addr;
size_t addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
//recv
recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, (socklen_t *) &addr_len);
//parse
struct dns_item *domain_list = NULL;
int count = dns_parse_response(buffer, &domain_list);
//call cb
data->cb(domain_list, count);
//del
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, sockfd, NULL);
close(sockfd);
//free
dns_async_client_free_domains(domain_list, count);
free(data);
}
}
}
4. 销毁请求池destroy
- destroy：init创建了什么就销毁什么
1.close(epfd);
2.pthread_cancel(thid);
3.free(ctx);
//TODO destroy
//1.close(ep_fd)
//2.pthread_cancel(ctx->thread_id);
//3.free(ctx);
int dns_async_client_destroy(struct async_context *ctx) {
close(ctx->ep_fd);
pthread_cancel(ctx->thread_id);
free(ctx);
return 0;
}
Demo完整代码
DNS同步请求代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#define DNS_SVR "114.114.114.114"
#define DNS_HOST 0x01
#define DNS_CNAME 0x05
// DNS报文头部
struct dns_header {
unsigned short id;
unsigned short flags;
unsigned short qdcount;
unsigned short ancount;
unsigned short nscount;
unsigned short arcount;
};
// DNS报文正文
struct dns_question {
int length;
unsigned short qtype;
unsigned short qclass;
char *qname;
};
// DNS服务器返回的ip信息
struct dns_item {
char *domain;
char *ip;
};
// header填充与函数实现
int dns_create_header(struct dns_header *header) {
if (header == NULL) return -1;
memset(header, 0, sizeof(struct dns_header));
srandom(time(NULL));
header->id = random();
header->flags |= htons(0x0100);
header->qdcount = htons(1);
return 0;
}
// question填充与函数实现
int dns_create_question(struct dns_question *question, const char *hostname) {
if (question == NULL) return -1;
memset(question, 0, sizeof(struct dns_question));
question->qname = (char *) malloc(strlen(hostname) + 2);
if (question->qname == NULL) return -2;
question->length = strlen(hostname) + 2;
question->qtype = htons(1);
question->qclass = htons(1);
const char delim[2] = ".";
char *hostname_dup = strdup(hostname);
char *token = strtok(hostname_dup, delim);
char *qname_p = question->qname;
while (token != NULL) {
size_t len = strlen(token);
*qname_p = len;
qname_p++;
strncpy(qname_p, token, len + 1);
qname_p += len;
token = strtok(NULL, delim);
}
free(hostname_dup);
return 0;
}
// 对头部和问题区做一个打包
int dns_build_request(struct dns_header *header, struct dns_question *question, char *request) {
int header_s = sizeof(struct dns_header);
int question_s = question->length + sizeof(question->qtype) + sizeof(question->qclass);
int length = question_s + header_s;
int offset = 0;
memcpy(request + offset, header, sizeof(struct dns_header));
offset += sizeof(struct dns_header);
memcpy(request + offset, question->qname, question->length);
offset += question->length;
memcpy(request + offset, &question->qtype, sizeof(question->qtype));
offset += sizeof(question->qtype);
memcpy(request + offset, &question->qclass, sizeof(question->qclass));
return length;
}
// 解析服务器发过来的数据
static int is_pointer(int in) {
return ((in & 0xC0) == 0xC0);
}
static void dns_parse_name(unsigned char *chunk, unsigned char *ptr, char *out, int *len) {
int flag = 0, n = 0, alen = 0;
char *pos = out + (*len);
while (1) {
flag = (int) ptr[0];
if (flag == 0) break;
if (is_pointer(flag)) {
n = (int) ptr[1];
ptr = chunk + n;
dns_parse_name(chunk, ptr, out, len);
break;
}
else {
ptr++;
memcpy(pos, ptr, flag);
pos += flag;
ptr += flag;
*len += flag;
if ((int) ptr[0] != 0) {
memcpy(pos, ".", 1);
pos += 1;
(*len) += 1;
}
}
}
}
//解析响应信息 buffer为response返回的信息
static int dns_parse_response(char *buffer, struct dns_item **domains) {
int i = 0;
unsigned char *ptr = buffer;
ptr += 4;
int querys = ntohs(*(unsigned short *) ptr);
ptr += 2;
int answers = ntohs(*(unsigned short *) ptr);
ptr += 6;
for (i = 0; i < querys; i++) {
while (1) {
int flag = (int) ptr[0];
ptr += (flag + 1);
if (flag == 0) break;
}
ptr += 4;
}
char cname[128], aname[128], ip[20], netip[4];
int len, type, ttl, datalen;
int cnt = 0;
struct dns_item *list = (struct dns_item *) calloc(answers, sizeof(struct dns_item));
if (list == NULL) {
return -1;
}
for (i = 0; i < answers; i++) {
bzero(aname, sizeof(aname));
len = 0;
dns_parse_name(buffer, ptr, aname, &len);
ptr += 2;
type = htons(*(unsigned short *) ptr);
ptr += 4;
ttl = htons(*(unsigned short *) ptr);
ptr += 4;
datalen = ntohs(*(unsigned short *) ptr);
ptr += 2;
if (type == DNS_CNAME) {
bzero(cname, sizeof(cname));
len = 0;
dns_parse_name(buffer, ptr, cname, &len);
ptr += datalen;
}
else if (type == DNS_HOST) {
bzero(ip, sizeof(ip));
if (datalen == 4) {
memcpy(netip, ptr, datalen);
inet_ntop(AF_INET, netip, ip, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
printf("%s has address %s\n", aname, ip);
printf("\tTime to live: %d minutes , %d seconds\n", ttl / 60, ttl % 60);
list[cnt].domain = (char *) calloc(strlen(aname) + 1, 1);
memcpy(list[cnt].domain, aname, strlen(aname));
list[cnt].ip = (char *) calloc(strlen(ip) + 1, 1);
memcpy(list[cnt].ip, ip, strlen(ip));
cnt++;
}
ptr += datalen;
}
}
*domains = list;
ptr += 2;
return cnt;
}
int dns_client_commit(const char *domain) {
int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sockfd < 0) {
perror("create socket failed\n");
exit(-1);
}
printf("url:%s\n", domain);
struct sockaddr_in dest;
bzero(&dest, sizeof(dest));
dest.sin_family = AF_INET;
dest.sin_port = htons(53);
dest.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(DNS_SVR);
int ret = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &dest, sizeof(dest));
printf("connect :%d\n", ret);
struct dns_header header = {0};
dns_create_header(&header);
struct dns_question question = {0};
dns_create_question(&question, domain);
char request[1024] = {0};
int req_len = dns_build_request(&header, &question, request);
int slen = sendto(sockfd, request, req_len, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &dest, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
char buffer[1024] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in addr;
size_t addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
int n = recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, (socklen_t *) &addr_len);
printf("recvfrom n : %d\n", n);
struct dns_item *domains = NULL;
dns_parse_response(buffer, &domains);
return 0;
}
char *domain[] = {
// "www.ntytcp.com",
"bojing.wang",
"www.baidu.com",
"tieba.baidu.com",
"news.baidu.com",
"zhidao.baidu.com",
"music.baidu.com",
"image.baidu.com",
"v.baidu.com",
"map.baidu.com",
"baijiahao.baidu.com",
"xueshu.baidu.com",
"cloud.baidu.com",
"www.163.com",
"open.163.com",
"auto.163.com",
"gov.163.com",
"money.163.com",
"sports.163.com",
"tech.163.com",
"edu.163.com",
"www.taobao.com",
"q.taobao.com",
"sf.taobao.com",
"yun.taobao.com",
"baoxian.taobao.com",
"www.tmall.com",
"suning.tmall.com",
"www.tencent.com",
"www.qq.com",
"www.aliyun.com",
"www.ctrip.com",
"hotels.ctrip.com",
"hotels.ctrip.com",
"vacations.ctrip.com",
"flights.ctrip.com",
"trains.ctrip.com",
"bus.ctrip.com",
"car.ctrip.com",
"piao.ctrip.com",
"tuan.ctrip.com",
"you.ctrip.com",
"g.ctrip.com",
"lipin.ctrip.com",
"ct.ctrip.com"
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int begin, end;
begin = clock(); //计时开始
int i;
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(domain) / sizeof(domain[0]); i++) {
dns_client_commit(domain[i]);
}
end = clock(); //计时结束
getchar();
printf("\n\nRunning Time：%lfs\n", (double)(end-begin)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
}
DNS异步请求代码
DNS同步与异步的性能测试对比
这里就测试了44条域名，可以看到差距还是非常明显的。
如果想用同步的编程方式去实现异步的性能，那么就需要用到协程的思想来进行改变这个异步请求池
也就是我们异步请求池里的操作是，一个线程处理结果，另一个线程检测IO事件是否就绪，
那么用协程的思想去操作的时候，那么就知道了，我们同步和异步的区别就是，发送请求
等待结果，并处理结果，这里会等待，等待的原因是因为IO事件没有就绪，那么就可以用
跳转，如果事件没有就绪，直接跳转，重新发送，并检测IO事件，往返多次，就达到了我
们的异步的性能，主要是优化了等待资源就绪的时间！！！！
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