设计模式之Iterator模式



一、什么是迭代模式

Iterator模式也叫迭代模式，是行为模式之一，它把对容器中包含的内部对象的访问委让给外部类，使用Iterator按顺序进行遍历访问的设计模式。

二、不使用迭代模式的应用

在应用Iterator模式之前，首先应该明白Iterator模式用来解决什么问题。或者说，如果不使用Iterator模式，会存在什么问题。

1. 由容器自己实现顺序遍历。直接在容器类里直接添加顺序遍历方法
2. 让调用者自己实现遍历。直接暴露数据细节给外部。

三、不使用迭代模式的缺点

以上方法1与方法2都可以实现对遍历，这样有问题呢？

1. 容器类承担了太多功能：一方面需要提供添加删除等本身应有的功能；一方面还需要提供遍历访问功能。
2. 往往容器在实现遍历的过程中，需要保存遍历状态，当跟元素的添加删除等功能夹杂在一起，很容易引起混乱和程序运行错误等。

四、使用迭代模式的应用

Iterator模式就是为了有效地处理按顺序进行遍历访问的一种设计模式，简单地说，Iterator模式提供一种有效的方法，可以屏蔽聚集对象集合的容器类的实现细节，而能对容器内包含的对象元素按顺序进行有效的遍历访问。
所以，Iterator模式的应用场景可以归纳为满足以下几个条件：

1. 访问容器中包含的内部对象
2.  按顺序访问

五、迭代模式的优点

1. 实现功能分离，简化容器接口。让容器只实现本身的基本功能，把迭代功能委让给外部类实现，符合类的设计原则。
2. 隐藏容器的实现细节。
3. 为容器或其子容器提供了一个统一接口，一方面方便调用；另一方面使得调用者不必关注迭代器的实现细节。
4. 可以为容器或其子容器实现不同的迭代方法或多个迭代方法。

六、代码实例

public interface Iterator {

	boolean hasNext();
	Object next();
}

public interface Collection {
    
	Iterator iterator();
	void add(Object o);
	int size();
}

public class ArrayList implements Collection {

	Object[] objects = new Object[10];
	int size = 0;
	@Override
	public Iterator iterator() {
		return new MyIterator();
	}

	@Override
	public void add(Object o) {
		objects[size++] = o ;
	}

	@Override
	public int size() {
		return size;
	}
	
	private class MyIterator implements Iterator {

		int currentIndex = 0;
		
		@Override
		public boolean hasNext() {
			if(currentIndex > size) return false ;
			return true;
		}

		@Override
		public Object next() {
			Object o = objects[currentIndex];
			currentIndex ++ ;
			return o;
		}
		
	}

}

测试类

<pre class="java" name="code">public class Test {

	public static void main(String[]agrs) {
		Collection c = new ArrayList();
		
		c.add("a");
		c.add("b");
		c.add("c");
		
		Iterator iterator = c.iterator();
		while(iterator.hasNext()) {
		    System.out.println(iterator.next());
		}
	}
}

</pre><pre class="java" name="code">

<strong><span style="font-size:18px;">七 java源码分析</span></strong>

Java中的Iterator接口的源码，包含三个方法。

public interface Iterator<E> {
    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if the iteration has more elements. (In other
     * words, returns <tt>true</tt> if <tt>next</tt> would return an element
     * rather than throwing an exception.)
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the iterator has more elements.
     */
    boolean hasNext();

    /**
     * Returns the next element in the iteration.
     *
     * @return the next element in the iteration.
     * @exception NoSuchElementException iteration has no more elements.
     */
    E next();

    /**
     * 
     * Removes from the underlying collection the last element returned by the
     * iterator (optional operation).  This method can be called only once per
     * call to <tt>next</tt>.  The behavior of an iterator is unspecified if
     * the underlying collection is modified while the iteration is in
     * progress in any way other than by calling this method.
     *
     * @exception UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>remove</tt>
     *		  operation is not supported by this Iterator.
     
     * @exception IllegalStateException if the <tt>next</tt> method has not
     *		  yet been called, or the <tt>remove</tt> method has already
     *		  been called after the last call to the <tt>next</tt>
     *		  method.
     */
    void remove();
}

Collection的部分代码

public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {
    int size();  

    Iterator<E> iterator();


    boolean add(E e);
}

</pre><pre class="java" name="code">AbstractList实现了接口Collection的iterator()方法，如下：

public Iterator<E> iterator() {
	return new Itr();
    }

Itr是AbstractList类的内部类：

private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
	/**
	 * Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.
	 */
	int cursor = 0;

	/**
	 * Index of element returned by most recent call to next or
	 * previous.  Reset to -1 if this element is deleted by a call
	 * to remove.
	 */
	int lastRet = -1;

	/**
	 * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
	 * List should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
	 * has detected concurrent modification.
	 */
	int expectedModCount = modCount;

	public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size();
	}

	public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
	    try {
		E next = get(cursor);
		lastRet = cursor++;
		return next;
	    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
		checkForComodification();
		throw new NoSuchElementException();
	    }
	}

	public void remove() {
	    if (lastRet == -1)
		throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

	    try {
		AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
		if (lastRet < cursor)
		    cursor--;
		lastRet = -1;
		expectedModCount = modCount;
	    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
		throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
	    }
	}

	final void checkForComodification() {
	    if (modCount != expectedModCount)
		throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
	}
    }

而最终ArrayList是继承自AbstractList类的，也就是说它也实现了Iterator接口和iterator()方法以完成对自身的遍历。

部分代码：

<pre class="java" name="code">public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
     */
    private transient Object[] elementData;

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the list
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *            is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
	super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
	this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
	this(10);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
	elementData = c.toArray();
	size = elementData.length;
	// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
	if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
	    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    }

    /**
     * Trims the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to be the
     * list's current size.  An application can use this operation to minimize
     * the storage of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.
     */
    public void trimToSize() {
	modCount++;
	int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
	if (size < oldCapacity) {
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
	}
    }

    /**
     * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
     * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
     * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param   minCapacity   the desired minimum capacity
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
	modCount++;
	int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
	if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
	    Object oldData[] = elementData;
	    int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
    	    if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
		newCapacity = minCapacity;
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
	}
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this list.
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this list
     */
    public int size() {
	return size;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
	return size == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
     * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
     *
     * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
	return indexOf(o) >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
     * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
	if (o == null) {
	    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
		if (elementData[i]==null)
		    return i;
	} else {
	    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
		if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
		    return i;
	}
	return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
     * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
	if (o == null) {
	    for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
		if (elementData[i]==null)
		    return i;
	} else {
	    for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
		if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
		    return i;
	}
	return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.  (The
     * elements themselves are not copied.)
     *
     * @return a clone of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
     */
    public Object clone() {
	try {
	    ArrayList<E> v = (ArrayList<E>) super.clone();
	    v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
	    v.modCount = 0;
	    return v;
	} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
	    // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
	    throw new InternalError();
	}
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
     * in proper sequence (from first to last element).
     *
     * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
     * maintained by this list.  (In other words, this method must allocate
     * a new array).  The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
     *
     * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
     * APIs.
     *
     * @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
     *         proper sequence
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper
     * sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned
     * array is that of the specified array.  If the list fits in the
     * specified array, it is returned therein.  Otherwise, a new array is
     * allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of
     * this list.
     *
     * <p>If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare
     * (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in
     * the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
     * <tt>null</tt>.  (This is useful in determining the length of the
     * list <i>only</i> if the caller knows that the list does not contain
     * any null elements.)
     *
     * @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
     * @return an array containing the elements of the list
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
     *         is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
     *         this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
     */
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < size)
            // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
	System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;
        return a;
    }

    // Positional Access Operations

    /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param  index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
	RangeCheck(index);

	return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
     * the specified element.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to replace
     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E set(int index, E element) {
	RangeCheck(index);

	E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
	elementData[index] = element;
	return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
	ensureCapacity(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
	elementData[size++] = e;
	return true;
    }