架构师之路-MySQL-SQL优化（十一）

策略1.尽量全值匹配

CREATE TABLE staffs(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(24) not null default “” comment’姓名’,
age int not null default 0 comment ‘年龄’,
pos varchar(20) not null default “” comment’职位’,
add_time timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment ‘入职时间’
)charset utf8 comment ‘员工记录表’;

insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values(‘z3’,22,‘manage’,now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values(‘july’,23,‘dev’,now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values(‘2000’,23,‘dev’,now());

alter table staffs add index idx_staffs_nameAgePos(name,age,pos);

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ AND age = 25;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ AND age = 25 AND pos = ‘dev’

当建立了索引列后，能在wherel条件中使用索引的尽量所用。

策略2.最佳左前缀法则

如果索引了多列，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE age = 25 AND pos = ‘dev’
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE pos = ‘dev’
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’

策略3.不在索引列上做任何操作

不在索引列上做任何操作（计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’;

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE left(NAME,4) = ‘July’;

策略4.范围条件放最后

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age =22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age =22 and pos=‘manager’

中间有范围查询会导致后面的索引列全部失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age >22 and pos=‘manager’

正确做法：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and pos=‘manager’ and age >22
并且age的索引顺序也要放到最后

策略5.覆盖索引尽量用

尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致))，减少select *

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age =22 and pos=‘manager’

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age =22 and pos=‘manager’

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age >22 and pos=‘manager’

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’ and age >22 and pos=‘manager’

策略6.不等于要甚用

mysql 在使用不等于(!= 或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = ‘July’;

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME != ‘July’;

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> ‘July’;

如果定要需要使用不等于,请用覆盖索引

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME != ‘July’;

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> ‘July’;

策略7.Null/Not 有影响

注意null/not null对索引的可能影响

自定定义为NOT NULL

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is null

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is not null

在字段为not null的情况下，使用is null 或 is not null 会导致索引失效

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null

自定义为NULL或者不定义

EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is null

EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is not null

Is not null 的情况会导致索引失效

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null

策略8.Like查询要当心

like以通配符开头(‘%abc…’)mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描的操作

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name =‘july’

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like ‘%july%’

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like ‘%july’

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like ‘july%’

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name like ‘%july%’

策略9.字符类型加引号

字符串不加单引号索引失效
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = 917

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name = 917

解决方式：请加引号

策略10.OR改UNION效率高

EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name=‘July’ or name = ‘z3’

EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name=‘July’
UNION
select * from staffs where name = ‘z3’

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN
select name,age from staffs where name=‘July’ or name = ‘z3’