使用Spring Boot和JWT实现安全认证

使用Spring Boot和JWT实现安全认证

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1. 什么是JWT？

JSON Web Token（JWT）是一种开放标准（RFC 7519），定义了一种紧凑且独立的方式，可以在各方之间作为JSON对象安全地传输信息。在Web开发中，JWT通常用于跨域认证和授权，特别适合于分布式系统的身份验证。

2. 使用Spring Boot集成JWT

在Spring Boot项目中，我们可以通过集成Spring Security和引入JWT库来实现安全认证功能。

添加依赖

在pom.xml中添加Spring Security和JWT的依赖：

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
    <artifactId>jjwt</artifactId>
    <version>0.9.1</version>
</dependency>

配置Spring Security

创建一个SecurityConfig类来配置Spring Security：

package cn.juwatech.security;

import cn.juwatech.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;

    @Override
    protected void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
        auth.userDetailsService(userDetailsService()).passwordEncoder(passwordEncoder());
    }

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.csrf().disable()
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/public").permitAll()
            .anyRequest().authenticated();
    }

    @Override
    @Bean
    public UserDetailsService userDetailsService() {
        return userService;
    }

    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }

    @Override
    @Bean
    public AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {
        return super.authenticationManagerBean();
    }
}

定义用户服务

创建一个UserService类实现UserDetailsService接口：

package cn.juwatech.service;

import cn.juwatech.model.User;
import cn.juwatech.repository.UserRepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class UserService implements UserDetailsService {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Override
    public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {
        User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username);
        if (user == null) {
            throw new UsernameNotFoundException("User not found with username: " + username);
        }
        return new org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User(
                user.getUsername(), user.getPassword(), user.getAuthorities());
    }
}

3. 使用JWT进行身份认证

在Spring Boot中，我们可以通过自定义一个JwtTokenProvider类来实现JWT的生成和验证。

package cn.juwatech.security;

import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts;
import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Function;

@Component
public class JwtTokenProvider {

    @Value("${jwt.secret}")
    private String secretKey;

    @Value("${jwt.expiration}")
    private long validityInMilliseconds;

    public String generateToken(UserDetails userDetails) {
        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
        return Jwts.builder()
                .setClaims(claims)
                .setSubject(userDetails.getUsername())
                .setIssuedAt(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()))
                .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + validityInMilliseconds))
                .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, secretKey)
                .compact();
    }

    public boolean validateToken(String token, UserDetails userDetails) {
        final String username = extractUsername(token);
        return (username.equals(userDetails.getUsername()) && !isTokenExpired(token));
    }

    public String extractUsername(String token) {
        return extractClaim(token, Claims::getSubject);
    }

    public Date extractExpiration(String token) {
        return extractClaim(token, Claims::getExpiration);
    }

    public <T> T extractClaim(String token, Function<Claims, T> claimsResolver) {
        final Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token);
        return claimsResolver.apply(claims);
    }

    private Claims extractAllClaims(String token) {
        return Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(secretKey).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody();
    }

    private boolean isTokenExpired(String token) {
        return extractExpiration(token).before(new Date());
    }
}

4. 集成JWT到Spring Boot Controller

编写一个Controller来处理用户登录和JWT的生成：

package cn.juwatech.controller;

import cn.juwatech.model.AuthenticationRequest;
import cn.juwatech.model.AuthenticationResponse;
import cn.juwatech.security.JwtTokenProvider;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class AuthenticationController {

    @Autowired
    private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;

    @Autowired
    private JwtTokenProvider jwtTokenProvider;

    @PostMapping("/authenticate")
    public ResponseEntity<?> createAuthenticationToken(@RequestBody AuthenticationRequest authenticationRequest) {
        Authentication authentication = authenticationManager.authenticate(
                new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(authenticationRequest.getUsername(), authenticationRequest.getPassword())
        );

        UserDetails userDetails = (UserDetails) authentication.getPrincipal();
        String token = jwtTokenProvider.generateToken(userDetails);

        return ResponseEntity.ok(new AuthenticationResponse(token));
    }
}

5. 使用JWT进行访问控制

在需要进行访问控制的Controller中，可以使用JWT进行身份验证：

package cn.juwatech.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @GetMapping("/hello")
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello, JWT!";
    }
}

总结

本文介绍了如何使用Spring Boot和JWT实现安全认证。通过集成Spring Security和自定义JwtTokenProvider，我们可以实现基于JWT的用户身份验证和访问控制功能，提升了系统的安全性和可扩展性。

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