bootm 用于将内核镜像加载到内存的指定地址处，如果有需要还要解压镜像，然后根据操作系统和体系结构的不同给内核传递不同的启动参数，最后启动内核。
一、arm 架构处理器对 linux 内核启动之前环境的五点需求
1、cpu 寄存器设置
* R0 = 0
* R1 = 板级 id
* R2 = 启动参数在内存中的起始地址
2、cpu 模式
* 禁止所有中断
* 必须为SVC（超级用户）模式
3、缓存、MMU
* 关闭 MMU
* 指令缓存可以开启或者关闭
* 数据缓存必须关闭并且不能包含任何脏数据
4、设备
* DMA 设备应当停止工作
5、boot loader 需要跳转到内核镜像的第一条指令处
这些需求都由 boot loader 实现，在常用的 uboot 中完成一系列的初始化后最后通过 bootm 命令加载 linux 内核。该命令用法介绍如下：
- # help bootm
- bootm - boot application image from memory
- Usage:
- bootm [addr [arg ...]]
- - boot application image stored in memory
- passing arguments 'arg ...'; when booting a Linux kernel,
- 'arg' can be the address of an initrd image
- Sub-commands to do part of the bootm sequence. The sub-commands must be
- issued in the order below (it's ok to not issue all sub-commands):
- start [addr [arg ...]]
- loados - load OS image
- cmdline - OS specific command line processing/setup
- bdt - OS specific bd_t processing
- prep - OS specific prep before relocation or go
- go - start OS
在 bootm 中常用的数据结构有 image_info_t 和 bootm_headers_t，定义如下：
- /* 镜像信息 */
- typedef struct image_info {
- ulong start, end; /* start/end of blob */
- ulong image_start, image_len; /* start of image within blob, len of image */
- ulong load; /* load addr for the image */
- uint8_t comp, type, os; /* compression, type of image, os type */
- } image_info_t;
- /* bootm 头 */
- typedef struct bootm_headers {
- image_header_t *legacy_hdr_os; /* 指向镜像头的指针 */
- image_header_t legacy_hdr_os_copy; /* 镜像头的备份 */
- ulong legacy_hdr_valid; /* 镜像头存在标记 */
- image_info_t os; /* 系统镜像信息 */
- ulong ep; /* 系统入口地址 */
- ulong rd_start, rd_end; /* 虚拟磁盘起始地址 */
- ulong ft_len; /* 平坦设备树的长度 */
- ulong initrd_start;
- ulong initrd_end;
- ulong cmdline_start;
- ulong cmdline_end;
- bd_t *kbd;
- int verify; /* getenv("verify")[0] != 'n' */
- #define BOOTM_STATE_START (0x00000001)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_LOADOS (0x00000002)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_RAMDISK (0x00000004)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_FDT (0x00000008)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_OS_CMDLINE (0x00000010)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_OS_BD_T (0x00000020)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_OS_PREP (0x00000040)
- #define BOOTM_STATE_OS_GO (0x00000080)
- int state; /* 状态标记 */
- struct lmb lmb; /* 逻辑内存块 */
- } bootm_headers_t;
bootm 的主函数为 do_bootm，代码如下：
- int do_bootm (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- ulong iflag;
- ulong load_end = 0;
- int ret;
- boot_os_fn *boot_fn;
- if (bootm_start(cmdtp, flag, argc, argv)) /* 获取镜像信息 */
- return 1;
- iflag = disable_interrupts(); /* 关闭中断 */
- usb_stop(); /* 关闭usb设备 */
- ret = bootm_load_os(images.os, &load_end, 1); /* 加载内核 */
- lmb_reserve(&images.lmb, images.os.load, (load_end - images.os.load));
- if (images.os.os == IH_OS_LINUX) /* 如果有需要关闭内核的串口 */
- fixup_silent_linux();
- boot_fn = boot_os[images.os.os]; /* 获取启动函数 */
- arch_preboot_os(); /* 启动前准备 */
- boot_fn(0, argc, argv, &images); /* 启动,不再返回 */
- puts ("\n## Control returned to monitor - resetting...\n");
- do_reset (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv);
- return 1;
- }
1、bootm_start
- static int bootm_start(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- ulong mem_start;
- phys_size_t mem_size;
- void *os_hdr;
- int ret;
- memset ((void *)&images, 0, sizeof (images));
- images.verify = getenv_yesno ("verify"); /* 获取环境变量 */
- lmb_init(&images.lmb);
- mem_start = getenv_bootm_low();
- mem_size = getenv_bootm_size();
- lmb_add(&images.lmb, (phys_addr_t)mem_start, mem_size);
- arch_lmb_reserve(&images.lmb);
- board_lmb_reserve(&images.lmb);
- /* 获取镜像头，加载地址，长度 */
- os_hdr = boot_get_kernel (cmdtp, flag, argc, argv,
- &images, &images.os.image_start, &images.os.image_len);
- if (images.os.image_len == 0) {
- puts ("ERROR: can't get kernel image!\n");
- return 1;
- }
- /* 获取镜像参数 */
- switch (genimg_get_format (os_hdr)) {
- case IMAGE_FORMAT_LEGACY:
- images.os.type = image_get_type (os_hdr); /* 镜像类型 */
- images.os.comp = image_get_comp (os_hdr); /* 压缩类型 */
- images.os.os = image_get_os (os_hdr); /* 系统类型 */
- images.os.end = image_get_image_end (os_hdr); /* 镜像结束地址 */
- images.os.load = image_get_load (os_hdr); /* 加载地址 */
- break;
- default:
- puts ("ERROR: unknown image format type!\n");
- return 1;
- }
- /* 查询内核入口地址 */
- if (images.legacy_hdr_valid) {
- images.ep = image_get_ep (&images.legacy_hdr_os_copy);
- } else {
- puts ("Could not find kernel entry point!\n");
- return 1;
- }
- if (images.os.os == IH_OS_LINUX) {
- /* 查询是否存在虚拟磁盘 */
- ret = boot_get_ramdisk (argc, argv, &images, IH_INITRD_ARCH,
- &images.rd_start, &images.rd_end);
- if (ret) {
- puts ("Ramdisk image is corrupt or invalid\n");
- return 1;
- }
- }
- images.os.start = (ulong)os_hdr; /* 赋值加载地址 */
- images.state = BOOTM_STATE_START; /* 更新状态 */
- return 0;
- }
- static image_header_t *image_get_kernel (ulong img_addr, int verify)
- {
- image_header_t *hdr = (image_header_t *)img_addr;
- if (!image_check_magic(hdr)) { /* 魔数比较 */
- puts ("Bad Magic Number\n");
- show_boot_progress (-1);
- return NULL;
- }
- show_boot_progress (2);
- if (!image_check_hcrc (hdr)) { /* 镜像头校验和 */
- puts ("Bad Header Checksum\n");
- show_boot_progress (-2);
- return NULL;
- }
- show_boot_progress (3);
- image_print_contents (hdr); /* 打印镜像头信息 */
- if (verify) { /* 校验镜像 */
- puts (" Verifying Checksum ... ");
- if (!image_check_dcrc (hdr)) {
- printf ("Bad Data CRC\n");
- show_boot_progress (-3);
- return NULL;
- }
- puts ("OK\n");
- }
- show_boot_progress (4);
- if (!image_check_target_arch (hdr)) { /* 处理器类型比较 */
- printf ("Unsupported Architecture 0x%x\n", image_get_arch (hdr));
- show_boot_progress (-4);
- return NULL;
- }
- return hdr;
- }
- static void *boot_get_kernel (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[],
- bootm_headers_t *images, ulong *os_data, ulong *os_len)
- {
- ulong img_addr;
- image_header_t *hdr;
- if (argc < 2) { /* 如果没有参数则用默认加载地址 */
- img_addr = load_addr;
- debug ("* kernel: default image load address = 0x%08lx\n", load_addr);
- } else {
- img_addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
- debug ("* kernel: cmdline image address = 0x%08lx\n", img_addr);
- }
- *os_data = *os_len = 0;
- switch (genimg_get_format ((void *)img_addr)) {
- case IMAGE_FORMAT_LEGACY:
- printf ("## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at %08lx ...\n", img_addr);
- hdr = image_get_kernel (img_addr, images->verify); /* 获取内核 */
- if (!hdr)
- return NULL;
- show_boot_progress (5);
- /* get os_data and os_len */
- switch (image_get_type (hdr)) {
- case IH_TYPE_KERNEL:
- *os_data = image_get_data (hdr); /* 内核入口地址 */
- *os_len = image_get_data_size (hdr); /* 内核长度(不包括头部) */
- break;
- default:
- printf ("Wrong Image Type for %s command\n", cmdtp->name);
- show_boot_progress (-5);
- return NULL;
- }
- /* 备份镜像头以防止在内核解压时被覆盖 */
- memmove (&images->legacy_hdr_os_copy, hdr, sizeof(image_header_t));
- images->legacy_hdr_os = hdr;
- images->legacy_hdr_valid = 1; /* 标记存在入口点 */
- break;
- default:
- printf ("Wrong Image Format for %s command\n", cmdtp->name);
- show_boot_progress (-108);
- return NULL;
- }
- debug (" kernel data at 0x%08lx, len = 0x%08lx (%ld)\n", *os_data, *os_len, *os_len);
- return (void *)img_addr; /* 返回加载地址 */
- }
在有效性判定完成时会打印出镜像的一些信息，代码如下：
- void image_print_contents (const void *ptr)
- {
- const image_header_t *hdr = (const image_header_t *)ptr;
- const char *p;
- p = " ";
- printf ("%sImage Name: %.*s\n", p, IH_NMLEN, image_get_name (hdr)); /* 镜像名称 */
- #if defined(CONFIG_TIMESTAMP) || defined(CONFIG_CMD_DATE) || defined(USE_HOSTCC)
- printf ("%sCreated: ", p); /* 创建时间 */
- genimg_print_time ((time_t)image_get_time (hdr));
- #endif
- printf ("%sImage Type: ", p); /* 镜像类型 */
- image_print_type (hdr);
- printf ("%sData Size: ", p); /* 镜像大小 */
- genimg_print_size (image_get_data_size (hdr));
- printf ("%sLoad Address: %08x\n", p, image_get_load (hdr)); /* 加载地址 */
- printf ("%sEntry Point: %08x\n", p, image_get_ep (hdr)); /* 入口地址 */
- }
2、bootm_load_os
这个函数主要判段镜像是否需要解压，并且将镜像移动到加载地址：
- static int bootm_load_os(image_info_t os, ulong *load_end, int boot_progress)
- {
- uint8_t comp = os.comp; /* 压缩格式 */
- ulong load = os.load; /* 加载地址 */
- ulong blob_start = os.start; /* 镜像起始地址 */
- ulong blob_end = os.end; /* 镜像结束地址 */
- ulong image_start = os.image_start; /* 镜像起始地址 */
- ulong image_len = os.image_len; /* 镜像长度 */
- uint unc_len = CONFIG_SYS_BOOTM_LEN; /* 镜像最大长度 */
- const char *type_name = genimg_get_type_name (os.type); /* 镜像类型 */
- switch (comp) { /* 选择解压格式 */
- case IH_COMP_NONE: /* 镜像没有压缩过 */
- if (load == blob_start) { /* 判断是否需要移动镜像 */
- printf (" XIP %s ... ", type_name);
- } else {
- printf (" Loading %s ... ", type_name);
- if (load != image_start) {
- memmove_wd ((void *)load, (void *)image_start, image_len, CHUNKSZ);
- }
- }
- *load_end = load + image_len;
- puts("OK\n");
- break;
- case IH_COMP_GZIP: /* 镜像采用 gzip 解压 */
- printf (" Uncompressing %s ... ", type_name);
- if (gunzip ((void *)load, unc_len, (uchar *)image_start, &image_len) != 0) { /* 解压 */
- puts ("GUNZIP: uncompress, out-of-mem or overwrite error "
- "- must RESET board to recover\n");
- return BOOTM_ERR_RESET;
- }
- *load_end = load + image_len;
- break;
- ...
- default:
- printf ("Unimplemented compression type %d\n", comp);
- return BOOTM_ERR_UNIMPLEMENTED;
- }
- puts ("OK\n");
- debug (" kernel loaded at 0x%08lx, end = 0x%08lx\n", load, *load_end);
- if ((load < blob_end) && (*load_end > blob_start)) {
- debug ("images.os.start = 0x%lX, images.os.end = 0x%lx\n", blob_start, blob_end);
- debug ("images.os.load = 0x%lx, load_end = 0x%lx\n", load, *load_end);
- return BOOTM_ERR_OVERLAP;
- }
- return 0;
- }
在 arm linux 平台中 boot_fn 函数指针指向的函数是位于 lib_arm/bootm.c 的 do_bootm_linux，这是内核启动前最后的一个函数，该函数主要完成启动参数的初始化，并将板子设定为满足内核启动的环境，代码如下：
- int do_bootm_linux(int flag, int argc, char *argv[], bootm_headers_t *images)
- {
- bd_t *bd = gd->bd;
- char *s;
- int machid = bd->bi_arch_number;
- void (*theKernel)(int zero, int arch, uint params);
- char *commandline = getenv ("bootargs"); /* 从环境变量中获取命令参数 */
- if ((flag != 0) && (flag != BOOTM_STATE_OS_GO)) /* 状态判定 */
- return 1;
- theKernel = (void (*)(int, int, uint))images->ep; /* 内核入口函数 */
- s = getenv ("machid"); /* 从环境变量中获取机器id */
- if (s) {
- machid = simple_strtoul (s, NULL, 16);
- printf ("Using machid 0x%x from environment\n", machid);
- }
- debug ("## Transferring control to Linux (at address %08lx) ...\n", (ulong) theKernel);
- /* 初始化启动参数 */
- setup_start_tag (bd); /* 初始化参数列表起始符 */
- setup_serial_tag (¶ms); /* 初始化串口参数 */
- setup_revision_tag (¶ms); /* 初始化版本参数 */
- setup_memory_tags (bd); /* 初始化内存参数 */
- setup_commandline_tag (bd, commandline); /* 初始化命令参数 */
- if (images->rd_start && images->rd_end)
- setup_initrd_tag (bd, images->rd_start, images->rd_end); /* 初始化虚拟磁盘参数 */
- setup_videolfb_tag ((gd_t *) gd); /* 初始化fb参数 */
- setup_end_tag (bd); /* 初始化参数列表结束符 */
- printf ("\nStarting kernel ...\n\n");
- cleanup_before_linux (); /* 启动前清空缓存 */
- /* 启动内核，满足arm架构linux内核启动时的寄存器设置条件:第一个参数为0
- 第二个参数为板子id需与内核中的id匹配，第三个参数为启动参数地址 */
- theKernel (0, machid, bd->bi_boot_params); /* does not return */
- return 1;
- }
这里还列举部分启动参数的初始化函数：
- static void setup_start_tag (bd_t *bd)
- {
- params = (struct tag *) bd->bi_boot_params; /* 启动参数保存在板子指定的内存空间 CONFIG_ATAG_ADDR */
- params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CORE; /* 起始标签 */
- params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_core);
- params->u.core.flags = 0;
- params->u.core.pagesize = 0;
- params->u.core.rootdev = 0;
- params = tag_next (params); /* params指向下一个结构 */
- }
- static void setup_memory_tags (bd_t *bd)
- {
- int i;
- for (i = 0; i < CONFIG_NR_DRAM_BANKS; i++) {
- params->hdr.tag = ATAG_MEM; /* 内存参数的标签 */
- params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_mem32);
- params->u.mem.start = bd->bi_dram[i].start; /* 物理内存起始地址 */
- params->u.mem.size = bd->bi_dram[i].size; /* 物理内存结束地址 */
- params = tag_next (params);
- }
- }
- static void setup_commandline_tag (bd_t *bd, char *commandline)
- {
- char *p;
- if (!commandline)
- return;
- for (p = commandline; *p == ' '; p++); /* 定位到第一个有效字符 */
- if (*p == '\0') /* 没有有效字符则返回 */
- return;
- params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CMDLINE; /* 命令参数的标签 */
- params->hdr.size = (sizeof (struct tag_header) + strlen (p) + 1 + 4) >> 2; /* 整个标签的长度 */
- strcpy (params->u.cmdline.cmdline, p); /* 将命令参数拷贝到标签，结束符为'\0' */
- params = tag_next (params);
- }
- static void setup_end_tag (bd_t *bd)
- {
- params->hdr.tag = ATAG_NONE; /* 结束标签 */
- params->hdr.size = 0;
- }
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