1.什么是HTTP协议?
超文本传送协议(http)定义了浏览器怎么向万维网服务器请求万维网文档,以及服务器怎样把文档传给浏览器。从层次的角度看,HTTP是面向应用层协议的,它是万维网上能够可靠地交换文件(文本,声音,图片等)的重要基础
2.HTTP工作流程
一次HTTP操作称为一个事务,其工作过程可分为四步
1.)首先客户机与服务器需要建立连接。重要单机某个超级链接,HTTP的工作就开始了。
2.)建立连接后,客户机发送一个请求给服务器,请求方式为:统一资源定位符(URL)、协议版本号、后边是MIME信息包括请求修饰符、客户机信息和可能的内容。
3.)服务器接受到请求后,给了相应的响应信息,其格式为一个状态行,包括信息的协议版本号,一个成功或错误的代码,后边是MIME信息包括服务器信息,实体信息和可能的内容
4.)客户端接收服务器返回的信息通过浏览器显示在用户的显示屏上,然后客户机与服务器断开连接。
2.1HTTP是在TCP/IP协议之上的的,先进行TCP/IP连接,即进行三次握手
2.2HTTP协议永远都是客户端发起请求,服务器回送响应,这样就限制了使用HTTP协议,无法实现客户端没有发生请求的时候,服务器将消息推送给客户端。HTTP协议是一个无状态的协议,同一个客户端的这次请求与上次请求是没有对应关系的
2.3URL(统一资源定位符)
3.TCP/IP基础-三次握手
3.1SYN(synchronous)是TCP/IP建立连接时使用的握手信号。在客户机和服务器之间建立正常连接的TCP网络连接时,客户机首先发送一个SYN消息,服务器使用SYN+ACK应答表示接收到了这个消息,最后客户机再以ACK消息响应。这样客户机和服务器之间才能建立可靠的TCP连接,数据才可以在客户机和服务器之间传递。
ACK(Acknowledgement),即确认字符,在数据通信中接收站发给发送站的一种传输类控制字符。表示发来的数据已确认接收无误。
4.HTTP请求头信息
Request URL: http://www.baidu.com/
Request Method:GET、POST
Request Code:200 ok
…等
5.HTTP响应头信息
响应码
客户端错误:
200 Ok // 客户端请求成功
400 Bad Request // 客户端请求有语法错误,不能被服务器所理解
401 Unauthorized // 请求未经授权,这个状态代码必须和www-Authenticate报头域一起使用
403 Forbidden // 服务器收到请求,但是拒绝提供服务
404 Not Found // 请求资源不存在 eg.输入错误的URL
服务器错误:
500 Internal Server Error // 服务器发送不可预计的错误
503 Server Unavailable // 服务器当前不能处理客户机的请求,一段时间后可能恢复
6.HTTP协议的特点
1.)支持客户/服务器模式(B/S)
2.)简单快速:客户向服务器请求服务时,只需传送请求方法和路径。请求方法常用的又GET、POST、HEAD。每种方法规定了客户与服务器联系的类型不同。由于HTTP协议简单,使得HTTP服务器的程序规模小,因此通信速度很快。
3.)灵活:HTTP允许传输任何类型的数据对象。正在传输的类型由Content-Type加以标记。
4.)无连接:无连接的含义是限制每次连接只处理一个请求。服务器处理完客户的请求,并受到客户的应答后,即断开连接。采用这种方式可以节省传输时间。
5.)无状态:HTTP协议是无状态协议。无状态是指协议对于事务没有记忆能力。缺少状态意味着如果后续处理需要前面的信息,则它必须重传,这样可能导致每次连接传送的数据量增大。另一方面,在服务器不需要先前信息时它的应答就较快
7.七层协议
国际标准化组织ISO于1981年正式推荐了一个网络系统结构—七层参考模型,也叫做开放系统互连模型(Open System Interconnection,OSI).
OSI参考模型将整个网络通信功能划分为七个层次。
它们由低到高分别是 物理层(PH),数据链路层(DL),网络层(N),传输层(T),会话层(S),表示层(P),应用层(A)
8.HTTP1.0和HTTP1.1的区别
HTTP/1.0 每次请求都需要建立新的TCP连接,连接不能复用
HTTP/1.1 新的请求可以在上次请求建立的TCP连接之上发送,连接可以复用。优点是减少重复进行TCP三次握手的开销,提高效率
HTTP1.1 在Request消息头里多了一个Host域,HTTP/1.0则没有这个域。Host:www.w3.org
HTTP1.1 增加了OPTIONS,PUT,DELETE.TRACE,CONNECT这些Request方法
9.HttpUrlConnection的使用
http://blog.csdn.net/u010542146/article/details/50088261
10.GET、POST传递参数
Main
final EditText edName = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText1);
final EditText edPsw = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText2);
final String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/Day0225/MyServlet";
Button bt = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
bt.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
final String name = edName.getText().toString();
final String psw = edPsw.getText().toString();
new MyThread(url, name, psw).start();
}
});
MyThread
public class MyThread extends Thread {
String url;
String name;
String psw;
public MyThread(String url,String name,String psw) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
this.psw = psw;
}
@Override
public void run() {
// doGet();
doPost();
}
private void doGet() {
url = url+"?name="+name+"&psw="+psw;
try {
URL httpUrl = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) httpUrl.openConnection();
conn.setConnectTimeout(5000);
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
String line;
if ((line=reader.readLine())!=null) {
builder.append(line);
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void doPost() {
try {
URL httpUrl = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) httpUrl.openConnection();
conn.setConnectTimeout(5000);
//数据添加
OutputStream out = conn.getOutputStream();
String string = "name="+name+"&psw="+psw;
out.write(string.getBytes());
//
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
String line;
if ((line=reader.readLine())!=null) {
builder.append(line);
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
11.乱码处理
服务端
String name = (String) request.getParameter("name");
String name1 = new String(name.getBytes("iso-8859-1"),"utf-8");
//**name1为转码后的**
String psw = (String) request.getParameter("psw");
System.out.println("name = "+name+" name1 = "+name1+" psw = "+psw);
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.write("name = "+name+" name1 = "+name1+" psw = "+psw);
客户端使用GET方法传递参数(好像不需要使用URLEncoder也不会出现“??”)
try {
url = url+"?name="+URLEncoder.encode(name,"utf-8")+"&psw="+psw;
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
12.多线程下载资源(图片为例)
图片资源放置WebContent目录下
Main
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
TextView textView;
private int count = 0;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
final Handler handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if(msg.what == 1) {
count++;
if (count == 3) {
textView.setText("ok");
}
}
}
};
textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView1);
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
new DownLoad(handler).downLoadFile("http://192.168.56.1:8080/Day0225/girl.jpg");
}
}).start();
}
});
}
}
DownLoad
package com.example.day0226;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.os.Handler;
public class DownLoad {
Handler handler;
public DownLoad(Handler handler) {
this.handler = handler;
}
//创建线程池
private Executor threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
public void downLoadFile(String url) {
try {
URL httpUrl = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) httpUrl.openConnection();
conn.setReadTimeout(5000);
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
//拿到下载图片总体的长度
int count = conn.getContentLength();
int block = count/3;
String fileName = getFileName(url);
File parent = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();
File fileDownload = new File(parent,fileName);
/** 11 个字节
* 第一个线程 0-2
* 第二个线程 3-5
* 第三个线程 6-10
*/
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
long start = i*block;
long end = (i+1)*block-1;
if (i == 2) {
end = count;
}
DownLoadRunnable runnable = new DownLoadRunnable(url, fileDownload.getAbsolutePath(), start, end,handler);
//通过线程池提交任务
threadPool.execute(runnable);
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
static class DownLoadRunnable implements Runnable {
private String url;
private String fileName;
private long start;
private long end;
private Handler handler;
public DownLoadRunnable(String url,String fileName,long start,long end,Handler handler) {
this.url = url;
this.fileName = fileName;
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
this.handler = handler;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
URL httpUrl = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) httpUrl.openConnection();
conn.setReadTimeout(5000);
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
//指定请求的长度
conn.setRequestProperty("Range", "bytes="+start+"-"+end);
//往本地文件进行写,"rwd"=可读可写可执行
RandomAccessFile access = new RandomAccessFile(new File(fileName), "rwd");
//对指定区域进行读写
access.seek(start);
InputStream in = conn.getInputStream();
byte[] b = new byte[1024*4];
int len = 0;
while((len=in.read(b))!=-1) {
access.write(b,0,len);
}
if (access != null) {
access.close();
}
if(in != null) {
in.close();
}
handler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public String getFileName(String url) {
return url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/"));
}
}
用到的知识点:
1.HTTP协议字段 Range “bytes=”+start+”-“+end
2.RandomAccessFile 设置吸入的位置
3.开启线程发送网络请求
13.上传图片
tomcat版本选择7.0的3.0
JSP
<form action="UploadServlet" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="file"><br>
<input type="submit" value="submit"><br>
</form>
UploadServlet
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.MultipartConfig;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.Part;
/**
* Servlet implementation class UploadServlet
*/
@WebServlet("/UploadServlet")
//指定路径为D盘下
@MultipartConfig(
location = "D:\\"
)
public class UploadServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
*/
public UploadServlet() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/**
* @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
*/
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
/**
* @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
*/
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
Part part = request.getPart("file");
part.write("girl.jpg");
System.out.println("ok");
}
}
即把图片上传到D盘下,固定文件名为”girl.jpg“
HttpUrlConnection上传
实际上是要按照下图的格式才能上传
Main
File parent = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();
File file = new File(parent,"girl.jpg");
String fileName = file.getAbsolutePath();
String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/Day0226/UploadServlet";
new UpLoadThread(url, fileName).start();
UpLoadThread
public class UpLoadThread extends Thread {
String url;
String fileName;
String boundary = "---------------------------184811307910651";
String prefix = "--";
String end = "\r\n";
public UpLoadThread(String url, String fileName) {
this.url = url;
this.fileName = fileName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
URL httpUrl = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) httpUrl.openConnection();
conn.setReadTimeout(5000);
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
//允许读入
conn.setDoInput(true);
//允许输出
conn.setDoOutput(true);
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data;boundary="+boundary);
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(conn.getOutputStream());
out.writeBytes(prefix+boundary+end);
out.writeBytes("Content-Disposition: form-data; "+"name=\"file\";filename=\""+"girl.jpg"+"\""+end);
out.writeBytes(end);
@SuppressWarnings("resource")
FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(new File(fileName));
byte[] b = new byte[1024*4];
int len = 0;
while((len=fileInputStream.read(b))!=-1) {
out.write(b,0,len);
}
out.writeBytes(end);
out.writeBytes(prefix+boundary+prefix+end);
out.flush();
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
String str;
while((str=reader.readLine())!=null) {
buffer.append(str);
}
Log.v("TAG", buffer.toString());
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
if (reader != null) {
reader.close();
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
使用HttpClient上传
要导入2个jar包
httpmime-4.4-beta1
httpcore-4.4-beta1
注意:高版本的jar会报错!(如httpmime-4.5.1)
public class ClientPostThread extends Thread {
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
@Override
public void run() {
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/Day0226/UploadServlet";
HttpPost post = new HttpPost(url);
MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity();
File parent = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();
File file = new File(parent,"girl.jpg");
FileBody body = new FileBody(file);
entity.addPart("file",body);
post.setEntity(entity);
try {
HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
Log.v("TAG", EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()));
}
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}