2014/7/17 继承

//先附上一段代码作为例子，该例子出自Java核心技术书
package inheritanceTest;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

public class ManagerTest 
{
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		Manager boss = new Manager("zack",80000,1994,6,16);
		boss.setBonus(5000);
		
		Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];
		staff[0] = boss;
		staff[1] = new Employee("tom",50000,1992,5,5);
		staff[2] = new Employee("jack",40000,1990,3,15);
		
		for(Employee e : staff)
		{
			System.out.println("name="+e.getName()+",salary="+e.getSalary());//动态绑定！！！
		}
	}
}

//Employee类
class Employee
{
	private String name;
	private double salary;
	private Date hireDay;
	
	//构造函数 参数分别为：姓名，薪水，时间
	public Employee(String n,double s,int year,int month,int day)
	{
		name = n;
		salary = s;
		GregorianCalendar calender = new GregorianCalendar(year,month-1,day);
		hireDay = calender.getTime();
	}
	
	public String getName()
	{
		return name;
	}
	
	public double getSalary()
	{
		return salary;
	}
	
	public Date getHireDay()
	{
		return hireDay;
	}
	
	public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
	{
		double raise = salary*byPercent/100;
		salary += raise;
	}
}

//Manager类
class Manager extends Employee
{
	private double bonus;

	public Manager(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) 
	{
		super(n, s, year, month, day);
		bonus = 0;
	}
	
	//重写Employee类中的getSalary方法
	public double getSalary()
	{
		double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
		return baseSalary + bonus;
	}
	
	public void setBonus(double b)
	{
		bonus = b;
	}	
}

Employee为子类 Manager为父类，即Manager继承了Employee类

Employee类中的getName,getHireDay方法为public属性，因此Manager类自动继承父类中的这些方法，无需显示定义；同时也从父类中继承了name,salary,hireDay这3个域

若父类中的一些方法子类不适用时，则子类可以重写（覆盖）父类中的方法，例子中的getSalary()方法

注意：使用super调用构造器的语句必须是子类构造器的第一条语句

本例中的e是Employee类的对象，e.getSalary()可以确定是执行父类中的getSalary()方法还是子类中的getSalary()方法，所以e既可以引用Employee类型的对象也可以引用Manager类型的对象

多态：一个对象变量可以引用多种实际类型的现象称为多态(polymorphism)

动态绑定：在运行时自动选择调用哪个方法的现象称为动态绑定(dynamic binding)

其他概念：

1.抽象类：

   抽象类可以包含抽象方法，具体数据，具体方法

   抽象类不能被实例化

   但是可以定义抽象类的对象变量，但它只能引用非抽象子类的对象

   e.g:Person p = new Student();

   示例代码如下：

  

package personTest;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

public class Test 
{
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		Person[] people = new Person[2];
		
		//Person test = new Person("ss");抽象类不能被实例化
		
		people[0] = new Employee("tom",50000,1993,1,3);
		people[1] = new Student("jack","computer science");
		
		for(Person p : people)
		{
			System.out.println(p.getName()+","+p.getDescription()); //动态绑定!!!
		}
	}
}

//抽象Person类
abstract class Person
{
	private String name;
	
	public Person(String n)
	{
		name = n;
	}
	
	public String getName()
	{
		return name;
	}
	
	public abstract String getDescription();
}

//具体Employee实现类
class Employee extends Person
{
	private double salary;
	private Date hireDay;
	
	public Employee(String n,double s,int year,int month,int day)
	{
		super(n);
		salary = s;
		GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year,month-1,day);
		hireDay = calendar.getTime();
	}
	
	//特有方法
	public double getSalary()
	{
		return salary;
	}
	
	public Date getHireDay()
	{
		return hireDay;
	}
	
	public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
	{
		double raise = salary*byPercent/100;
		salary += raise;
	}
	
	//具体实现抽象类中的方法
	@Override
	public String getDescription()
	{
		return String.format("an employee with a salary of $%.2f", salary);
	}
}

//具体Student实现类
class Student extends Person
{
    private String major;
	
    public Student(String n,String m)
    {
    	super(n);
    	major = m;
    }
    
	@Override
	public String getDescription()
	{
		return "a student majoring in "+major;
	}	
}

因为Person是抽象类，所以不能对Person类进行实例化，所以变量p不会引用Person对象，引用的是Employee和Student具体的子类对象

但是如果在抽象类中去掉getDescription()抽象方法，在具体的子类中定义的话，就不能通过Person类型的变量p调用getDescription()方法了，因为getDescription()方法不在Person类中了，即没有用到动态绑定的机制。

2.访问修饰符总结：

   private---仅对本类可见

   public---对所有类可见

   protected---对本包和所有子类可见

   默认---对本包可见

3.ArrayList的使用

  

package arraylistTest;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

public class ArrayListTest
{
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		ArrayList<Employee> staff = new ArrayList<Employee>();
		
		staff.add(new Employee("tom",5000,1993,3,4));
		staff.add(new Employee("jack",4000,1992,3,5));
		
		for(Employee e : staff)
			e.raiseSalary(5);
		
		for(Employee e : staff)
			System.out.println("name="+e.getName()+",salary="+e.getSalary()+",hireDay="+e.getHireDay());
	}
}

class Employee
{
	private String name;
	private double salary;
	private Date hireDay;
	
	public Employee(String n,double s,int year,int month,int day)
	{
		name = n;
		salary = s;
		GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year,month-1,day);
		hireDay = calendar.getTime();
	}
	
	public String getName()
	{
		return name;
	}
	
	public double getSalary()
	{
		return salary;
	}
	
	public Date getHireDay()
	{
		return hireDay;
	}
	
	public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
	{
		double raise = salary*byPercent/100;
		salary += raise;
	}
}

4.反射---待学习