U-BOOT源码中start.S分析

最新推荐文章于 2022-04-12 21:55:22 发布

嵌入式菜鸟

最新推荐文章于 2022-04-12 21:55:22 发布

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分类专栏： U-BOOT分析及移植

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在嵌入式设备中需要一段代码来引导系统的启动，就像windows系统是通过BIOS来引导启动的，嵌入式设备中的引导代码叫做Bootloader,Bootloader有很多中，其中U-BOOT是最常用的一种。通过顶层的Makefile分析，U-BOOT是从start.o开始执行的，所以有必要分析start.S的代码，start.S的代码不是很长，主要完成了CPU的模式设置、关看门狗、关闭中断，设置堆栈、清楚bss段、异常中断的处理、将flash中剩余的代码复制到SDRAM中以及跳到第二部分C代码的运行。其源代码如下：

#include <config.h>
#include <version.h>

.globl _start
_start: b reset /*跳到复位,主要是设置CPU的模式*/
ldr pc, _undefined_instruction
ldr pc, _software_interrupt
ldr pc, _prefetch_abort
ldr pc, _data_abort
ldr pc, _not_used
ldr pc, _irq
ldr pc, _fiq

_undefined_instruction: .word undefined_instruction
_software_interrupt: .word software_interrupt
_prefetch_abort: .word prefetch_abort
_data_abort:  .word data_abort
_not_used:  .word not_used
_irq:   .word irq

_fiq: .word fiq /*以上是异常向量的处理*/

.balignl 16,0xdeadbeef

/*
*************************************************************************
*
* Startup Code (reset vector)
*
* do important init only if we don't start from memory!
* relocate armboot to ram
* setup stack
* jump to second stage
*
*************************************************************************

_TEXT_BASE:
.word TEXT_BASE

.globl _armboot_start
_armboot_start:
.word _start

/*
* These are defined in the board-specific linker script.
*/
.globl _bss_start
_bss_start:
.word __bss_start

.globl _bss_end
_bss_end:

.word _end

#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ
/* IRQ stack memory (calculated at run-time) */
.globl IRQ_STACK_START
IRQ_STACK_START:
.word 0x0badc0de

/* IRQ stack memory (calculated at run-time) */
.globl FIQ_STACK_START
FIQ_STACK_START:
.word 0x0badc0de
#endif

/*
* the actual reset code
*/

reset:               /*复位代码*/
/*
* set the cpu to SVC32 mode                                                  /*设置CPU为管理模式，即svc模*/
*/
mrs r0,cpsr                                                                                 /*MRS 的英文缩写是 Move to Register from State register*/
bic r0,r0,#0x1f                                                                           /*根据CPSR的各个位的功能设置*/
orr r0,r0,#0xd3                                                                                   /*bic用于清除操作数1的某些位，0x1f的二进制是00011111*/
msr cpsr,r0                                                                                      /*则清除r0的1、2、3、4、5为的1*/
                                                      /*指令orr是逻辑或的功能0xd3为11010011，到这里后将r0中的数据给cpsr则已经设置为svc模式了*/

/* turn off the watchdog */
#if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400)                                                              /*对于s3c2400的CPU,因为有这些设置所以u-boot通过配置能够支持比较多的架构的CPU*/
# define pWTCON  0x15300000                                                           /*这里主要是一些宏定义，如看门狗寄存器的控制器*/
# define INTMSK  0x14400008                                                           /* 中断寄存器的基址*/
# define CLKDIVN 0x14800014                                                           /* 时钟的基址*/
#elif defined(CONFIG_S3C2410)                                                          /* 这里是对于S3C2410的一些宏定义*/
# define pWTCON  0x53000000
# define INTMSK  0x4A000008
# define INTSUBMSK 0x4A00001C
# define CLKDIVN 0x4C000014
#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400) || defined(CONFIG_S3C2410)
ldr     r0, =pWTCON                                                                             /*关看门狗，直接写入0即可*/
mov     r1, #0x0
str     r1, [r0]

/*
* mask all IRQs by setting all bits in the INTMR - default
*/
mov r1, #0xffffffff /*关中断，当置为1时相应位被屏蔽*/
ldr r0, =INTMSK
str r1, [r0]
# if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) /*如果前面没有宏定义了CONFIG_S3C2410则会忽略这段代码*/
ldr r1, =0x3ff
ldr r0, =INTSUBMSK

str r1, [r0]
# endif

/* FCLK:HCLK:PCLK = 1:2:4 */
/* default FCLK is 120 MHz ! */
ldr r0, =CLKDIVN /*这里是s3c2410的设置，如果是s3c2440则需要另外设置*/
mov r1, #3
str r1, [r0]
#endif /* CONFIG_S3C2400 || CONFIG_S3C2410 */

/*
* we do sys-critical inits only at reboot,
* not when booting from ram!
*/
#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT
bl cpu_init_crit
#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT
relocate:                                                                                           /* 一切都准备好了，这里开始复制代码了    */
adr r0, _start  /* r0 <- current position of code   */
ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE  /* test if we run from flash or RAM */
cmp     r0, r1
beq     stack_setup                                                                                /* 如果相等就不需要移动        */

ldr r2, _armboot_start
ldr r3, _bss_start
sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2小于armboot的大小 */
add r2, r0, r2 /* r2 小于源码的结束地址 */

copy_loop:
ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /* 开始拷贝] */

stmia r1!, {r3-r10} /* 拷到目标寄存器 */
cmp r0, r2 /*直到拷完 */
ble copy_loop
#endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */

                                                                                                                    /* 下面是一些栈的设置        */
stack_setup:
ldr r0, _TEXT_BASE                                                                                  /* upper 128 KiB: relocated uboot   */
sub r0, r0, #CFG_MALLOC_LEN                                                                 /* malloc area                      */
sub r0, r0, #CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE                                                              /* bdinfo                        */
#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ
sub r0, r0, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE_IRQ+CONFIG_STACKSIZE_FIQ)
#endif
sub sp, r0, #12                                                                                                   /* leave 3 words for abort-stack    */

clear_bss:
ldr r0, _bss_start                                                                                                /* find start of bss segment        */
ldr r1, _bss_end                                                                                                 /* stop here                        */
mov r2, #0x00000000                                                                                     /* clear                            */

clbss_l:str r2, [r0] /* clear loop... */
add r0, r0, #4
cmp r0, r1
ble clbss_l

#if 0      /* 这里的#if 0是用来作注释作用的，如果注释的代码要比较长则可以使用这种方法来注释    */
/* try doing this stuff after the relocation */
ldr     r0, =pWTCON
mov     r1, #0x0

str r1, [r0]

/*
* mask all IRQs by setting all bits in the INTMR - default
*/
mov r1, #0xffffffff
ldr r0, =INTMR
str r1, [r0]

/* FCLK:HCLK:PCLK = 1:2:4 */
/* default FCLK is 120 MHz ! */
ldr r0, =CLKDIVN
mov r1, #3
str r1, [r0]
/* END stuff after relocation */
#endif

ldr pc, _start_armboot

_start_armboot: .word start_armboot /*一切都准备好了，完成后从这里跳到_start_armboot继续执行 */

/*
*************************************************************************
*
* CPU_init_critical registers
*
* setup important registers

* setup memory timing
*
*************************************************************************
*/

#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT
cpu_init_crit:
/*
* flush v4 I/D caches
*/
mov r0, #0
mcr p15, 0, r0, c7, c7, 0 /* 向c7写入0将使ICache与DCache无效*/
mcr p15, 0, r0, c8, c7, 0 /* 向c8写入0将使TLB失效 */

/ * 关闭MMU */

mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0
bic r0, r0, #0x00002300 @ clear bits 13, 9:8 (--V- --RS)
bic r0, r0, #0x00000087 @ clear bits 7, 2:0 (B--- -CAM)
orr r0, r0, #0x00000002 @ set bit 2 (A) Align
orr r0, r0, #0x00001000 @ set bit 12 (I) I-Cache
mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0

/*
* before relocating, we have to setup RAM timing 这里开始初始化RAM
* because memory timing is board-dependend, you will
* find a lowlevel_init.S in your board directory.
*/
mov ip, lr
bl lowlevel_init /*跳到初始化的程序，因为初始化的程序在另外的文件里，这里单独给出*/

mov lr, ip
mov pc, lr
#endif
/*
lowlevel_init:
/* memory control configuration */
/* make r0 relative the current location so that it */
/* reads SMRDATA out of FLASH rather than memory ! */
ldr     r0, =SMRDATA
ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE                                           /*将TEXT_BASE的地址传给r1，TEXT_BASE的值就是u-boot开始存放代码的地方*/
sub r0, r0, r1                                                        /*将ro减去r1，最后将结果送到r0*/
ldr r1, =BWSCON                                                  /* Bus Width Status Controller */
add     r2, r0, #13*4
0:
ldr     r3, [r0], #4
str     r3, [r1], #4
cmp     r2, r0
bne     0b

/* everything is fine now */
mov pc, lr

.ltorg
*/
/* CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT */

/*
*************************************************************************
*
* 异常的处理，就是代码刚开始的那一段，这个不用太在意，都是根据CPU来写的

*
*************************************************************************
*/

@
@ IRQ stack frame.
@
#define S_FRAME_SIZE 72

#define S_OLD_R0 68
#define S_PSR  64
#define S_PC  60
#define S_LR  56
#define S_SP  52

#define S_IP  48
#define S_FP  44
#define S_R10  40
#define S_R9  36
#define S_R8  32
#define S_R7  28
#define S_R6  24
#define S_R5  20
#define S_R4  16
#define S_R3  12
#define S_R2  8
#define S_R1  4
#define S_R0  0

#define MODE_SVC 0x13
#define I_BIT 0x80

/*
* use bad_save_user_regs for abort/prefetch/undef/swi ...
* use irq_save_user_regs / irq_restore_user_regs for IRQ/FIQ handling
*/

.macro bad_save_user_regs
sub sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE /*这里相当于sp=sp-72*/

stmia sp, {r0 - r12}   @ Calling r0-r12
ldr r2, _armboot_start
sub r2, r2, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE+CFG_MALLOC_LEN)
sub r2, r2, #(CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE+8) @ set base 2 words into abort stack
ldmia r2, {r2 - r3}   @ get pc, cpsr
add r0, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE  @ restore sp_SVC

add r5, sp, #S_SP
mov r1, lr
stmia r5, {r0 - r3} @ save sp_SVC, lr_SVC, pc, cpsr
mov r0, sp
.endm

.macro irq_save_user_regs
sub sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
stmia sp, {r0 - r12}   @ Calling r0-r12
add     r8, sp, #S_PC
stmdb   r8, {sp, lr}^                   @ Calling SP, LR
str     lr, [r8, #0]                    @ Save calling PC
mrs     r6, spsr
str     r6, [r8, #4]                    @ Save CPSR
str     r0, [r8, #8]                    @ Save OLD_R0
mov r0, sp
.endm

.macro irq_restore_user_regs
ldmia sp, {r0 - lr}^   @ Calling r0 - lr
mov r0, r0
ldr lr, [sp, #S_PC]   @ Get PC
add sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
subs pc, lr, #4   @ return & move spsr_svc into cpsr
.endm

.macro get_bad_stack
ldr r13, _armboot_start @ setup our mode stack
sub r13, r13, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE+CFG_MALLOC_LEN)
sub r13, r13, #(CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE+8) @ reserved a couple spots in abort stack

str lr, [r13] @ save caller lr / spsr
mrs lr, spsr
str lr, [r13, #4]

mov r13, #MODE_SVC @ prepare SVC-Mode
@ msr spsr_c, r13
msr spsr, r13
mov lr, pc
movs pc, lr
.endm

.macro get_irq_stack @ setup IRQ stack
ldr sp, IRQ_STACK_START
.endm

.macro get_fiq_stack @ setup FIQ stack
ldr sp, FIQ_STACK_START
.endm

/*
* exception handlers
*/
.align 5
undefined_instruction:

get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_undefined_instruction

.align 5
software_interrupt:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_software_interrupt

.align 5
prefetch_abort:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_prefetch_abort

.align 5
data_abort:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_data_abort

.align 5
not_used:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_not_used

#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ

.align 5
irq:
get_irq_stack
irq_save_user_regs
bl do_irq