python - thread/threading

Python多线程编程

执行多个线程，类似于执行同时执行几个不同的程序，但是它有下面优势: 一个进程内的多个线程，可以与主线程分享同一份数据，这样可以让它们之间交流更容易。 线程有时候被称为轻量级进程，它们不需要额外的申请内存； 他们比进程消耗小。

线程都有一个开始，执行序列，和一个结尾。它还有一个指令指针，跟踪当前执行的位置。 线程可先运行(也可被中断) 其它线程运行时，线程也可以被搁置(例如:sleeping)，这个被称为yielding

开始一个新线程

想要生成一个线程，你需要使用thread模块中的方法。 thread.start_new_thread(function,args[, kwargs]) 该方法可以在Linux和Windows上，创建一个快速高效的线程。

此方法被调用后立即返回，子线程开启，调用对应的函数和参数，当函数返回时，线程结束。 这里的args是一个参数元组；如果是一个空的元组，函数调用则不用传递任何参数。kwargs表示一个关键字参数的字典。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- encoding: utf8 -*- import thread import time # Define a function for the thread def print_time(threadName, delay):     count = 0     while count < 5:         time.sleep(delay)         count += 1         print "%s: %s" %(threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) # Create two threads as follows try:     thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-1", 2))     thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-2", 4)) except:     print "Error: unable tostart thread"     # Wait for threads return while 1:     pass

执行上面的程序，返回的结果如下:

Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 14:29:56 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 14:29:58 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 14:29:58 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 14:30:00 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 14:30:02 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 14:30:02 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 14:30:04 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 14:30:06 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 14:30:10 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 14:30:14 2014

尽管thread针对底层的线程很有效，但是与thread比较，它会有些限制。

Threading模块

自Python2.4开始，引入了threading模块，它的功能更加强大。除上述thread功能外，还支持一个高级功能。 threading.activeCount() 返回激活线程的数目 threading.currentThread()返回调用者线程控制的线程数 threading.enumerate() 返回激活线程对象列表

此外，threading模块调用Thread类实现了threading.Thread类提供的方法如下: run() 线程的入口点 start() 调用run方法，开启线程 join([time]) 等待线程结束 isAlive（）检测线程是否还在执行 getName() 返回线程名

用Threading模块创建线程

用threading模块实现一个新的线程，你需要做下面的事情:

定义Thread的子类 重写__init__(self[,args])方法并添加一些参数 重写__run__(self[,args])方法，实现线程启动时应完成的任务

一旦创建一个新的Thread子类，你需要为它创建一个实例，调用start()方法启用新线程，它会执行run()方法。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- encoding: utf8 -*- import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class newthread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID,name, delay, counter):     threading.Thread.__init__(self)     self.threadID = threadID     self.name = name     self.delay = delay     self.counter = counter def run(self):     print "Starting: %s"% self.name     print_time(self.name,self.delay, self.counter)     print "Exiting: %s"% self.name def print_time(threadName, delay,counter):     while counter:         if exitFlag:             return         time.sleep(delay)         print "%s: %s" %(threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))         counter -= 1 # Create new threads thread1 = newthread(1, "Thread-1",1, 5) thread2 = newthread(2, "Thread-2",2, 5) # start new threads thread1.start() thread2.start() print "Exiting Main Thread"

上述代码，执行后的结果如下:

Starting: Thread-1 Starting: Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 15:22:14 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 15:22:15 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 15:22:15 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 15:22:16 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 15:22:17 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 15:22:17 2014 Thread-1: Sat Aug 9 15:22:18 2014 Exiting: Thread-1 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 15:22:19 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 15:22:21 2014 Thread-2: Sat Aug 9 15:22:23 2014 Exiting: Thread-2

同步线程

Python提供的threading模块包含一个锁定机制，允许你同步线程。调用Lock()方法创建新锁。 锁定对象的acquire(blocking)方法，将促使线程同步。可选参数blocking允许你决定线程是否需要等待获取这个锁。

如果blocking设为0，如果无法获取锁，那么线程将返回值0，如果成功获取，线程将返回1。如果blocking设置为1，那么线程会被锁定，一直等到锁释放。

锁不在需要时，可使用release()方法来释放所对象。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- encoding: utf8 -*- import threading import time class newthread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID,name, delay, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.delay = delay self.counter = counter def run(self): print "Starting: %s"% self.name # Get Lock to synchronizethreads threadLock.acquire() print_time(self.name,self.delay, self.counter) # Free lock to release nextthread threadLock.release() def print_time(threadName, delay,counter): while counter: time.sleep(delay) print "%s:%s" %(threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 threadLock = threading.Lock() threads = [] # Create new threads thread1 = newthread(1, "Thread-1",1, 5) thread2 = newthread(2, "Thread-2",2, 5) # Start new threads thread1.start() thread2.start() # Add threads to thread list threads.append(thread1) threads.append(thread2) # Wait for all threads to complete for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"

执行上述代码，结果如下:

Starting: Thread-1 Starting: Thread-2 Thread-1:Sat Aug 9 16:11:56 2014 Thread-1:Sat Aug 9 16:11:57 2014 Thread-1:Sat Aug 9 16:11:58 2014 Thread-1:Sat Aug 9 16:11:59 2014 Thread-1:Sat Aug 9 16:12:00 2014 Thread-2:Sat Aug 9 16:12:02 2014 Thread-2:Sat Aug 9 16:12:04 2014 Thread-2:Sat Aug 9 16:12:06 2014 Thread-2:Sat Aug 9 16:12:08 2014 Thread-2:Sat Aug 9 16:12:10 2014 Exiting Main Thread

多线程优先级队列

Queue模块允许你创建一个新的队列，队列可以容纳一定数目的对象。下面方法可以用来控制队列:

get() 返回队列中的某个值，并将其从队列中删除 put() 添加值到队列中 qsize() 返回当前队列中的项数 empty() 如果队列为空，返回True；否则，返回False. full() 如果队列满了，返回True；否则，返回False.

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- encoding: utf8 -*- import urllib2 import threading from Queue import Queue class threadpool(object):     def __init__(self):         self.que = Queue()         self.lock = threading.Lock()     def task(self, host):         resp = urllib2.urlopen(host)         print "%s,%s" % (resp.code, host)     def mtasks(self, nums, hosts):         for host in hosts:             self.que.put(host)         for i in range(nums):             while True:                 if not self.que.empty():                     self.lock.acquire()                     host = self.que.get()                     self.lock.release()                     t = threading.Thread(target=self.task, args=[host])                     t.daemon = True                     t.start()                     t.join()                 else:                     break def main():     x = []     with open('list.csv') as f:         for line in f:             x.append(line.split(',')[1])     tp = threadpool()     tp.mtasks(20, x) if __name__ == '__main__':     main()

Nice Job ---- https://pypi.python.org/pypi/threadpool/

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf8 -*- import time import threadpool def do_something(data):     print "do_something: %s" % data     return data.replace("http://", "https://") def callback(request, data):     print "Callback: %s: %s" % (request.requestID, data) def exp_callback(request, exc_info):     pass if __name__ == "__main__":     data = ["http://demo-%s.com" % i for i in range(10000)]     requests = threadpool.makeRequests(do_something,                                        data,                                        callback,                                        exp_callback)     pool = threadpool.ThreadPool(5)     [pool.putRequest(req) for req in requests]     while True:         try:             time.sleep(0.5)             pool.poll()         except KeyboardInterrupt:             pass             break         except threadpool.NoResultsPending:             pass             break     if pool.dismissedWorkers:         pool.joinAllDismissedWorkers()

http://pymotw.com/2/threading/ https://docs.python.org/2/library/threading.html