Spring Boot中如何实现分布式事务

Spring Boot中如何实现分布式事务

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一、什么是分布式事务

分布式事务是指在分布式系统中涉及多个数据库或服务的事务操作。它确保这些操作要么全部成功，要么全部失败，从而保持数据的一致性。实现分布式事务的常见方法包括两阶段提交（2PC）、补偿事务模式（TCC）、和消息队列事务。

二、使用Spring Cloud和Atomikos实现分布式事务

在Spring Boot中，我们可以使用Spring Cloud和Atomikos来实现分布式事务。Atomikos是一个Java事务处理器，支持XA和非XA事务。

1. 引入依赖

在pom.xml中添加以下依赖：

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.atomikos</groupId>
        <artifactId>transactions-jta</artifactId>
        <version>5.0.8</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jta-atomikos</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <!-- 其他依赖 -->
</dependencies>

2. 配置数据源

在application.yml中配置多个数据源：

spring:
  jta:
    enabled: true

  datasource:
    primary:
      xa:
        data-source-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource
      url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/primary_db
      username: root
      password: password
    secondary:
      xa:
        data-source-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource
      url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/secondary_db
      username: root
      password: password

3. 配置Atomikos数据源和事务管理器

创建配置类来配置Atomikos数据源和JPA事务管理器：

package cn.juwatech.config;

import com.atomikos.jdbc.AtomikosDataSourceBean;
import org.springframework.boot.jta.atomikos.AtomikosDataSourceBeanWrapper;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

    @Bean(name = "primaryDataSource")
    public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
        AtomikosDataSourceBean xaDataSource = new AtomikosDataSourceBean();
        xaDataSource.setUniqueResourceName("primary");
        xaDataSource.setXaDataSourceClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource");
        xaDataSource.setXaProperties(primaryXaProperties());
        return new AtomikosDataSourceBeanWrapper(xaDataSource);
    }

    @Bean(name = "secondaryDataSource")
    public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
        AtomikosDataSourceBean xaDataSource = new AtomikosDataSourceBean();
        xaDataSource.setUniqueResourceName("secondary");
        xaDataSource.setXaDataSourceClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource");
        xaDataSource.setXaProperties(secondaryXaProperties());
        return new AtomikosDataSourceBeanWrapper(xaDataSource);
    }

    @Bean(name = "primaryEntityManager")
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean primaryEntityManager() {
        LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
        em.setDataSource(primaryDataSource());
        em.setPackagesToScan("cn.juwatech.primary");
        em.setJpaVendorAdapter(new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter());
        em.setJpaPropertyMap(jpaProperties());
        return em;
    }

    @Bean(name = "secondaryEntityManager")
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean secondaryEntityManager() {
        LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
        em.setDataSource(secondaryDataSource());
        em.setPackagesToScan("cn.juwatech.secondary");
        em.setJpaVendorAdapter(new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter());
        em.setJpaPropertyMap(jpaProperties());
        return em;
    }

    @Bean(name = "transactionManager")
    public JpaTransactionManager transactionManager() {
        JpaTransactionManager tm = new JpaTransactionManager();
        tm.setEntityManagerFactory(primaryEntityManager().getObject());
        tm.setDataSource(primaryDataSource());
        return tm;
    }

    private Map<String, String> primaryXaProperties() {
        Map<String, String> xaProperties = new HashMap<>();
        xaProperties.put("databaseName", "primary_db");
        xaProperties.put("user", "root");
        xaProperties.put("password", "password");
        return xaProperties;
    }

    private Map<String, String> secondaryXaProperties() {
        Map<String, String> xaProperties = new HashMap<>();
        xaProperties.put("databaseName", "secondary_db");
        xaProperties.put("user", "root");
        xaProperties.put("password", "password");
        return xaProperties;
    }

    private Map<String, Object> jpaProperties() {
        Map<String, Object> properties = new HashMap<>();
        properties.put("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
        properties.put("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect");
        return properties;
    }
}

4. 创建实体类和仓库接口

定义两个实体类和对应的仓库接口：

package cn.juwatech.primary;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class PrimaryEntity {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    // getters and setters
}

package cn.juwatech.secondary;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class SecondaryEntity {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private String description;

    // getters and setters
}

package cn.juwatech.primary;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface PrimaryRepository extends JpaRepository<PrimaryEntity, Long> {
}

package cn.juwatech.secondary;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface SecondaryRepository extends JpaRepository<SecondaryEntity, Long> {
}

5. 创建服务层

创建一个服务类，包含跨多个数据库的事务操作：

package cn.juwatech.service;

import cn.juwatech.primary.PrimaryEntity;
import cn.juwatech.primary.PrimaryRepository;
import cn.juwatech.secondary.SecondaryEntity;
import cn.juwatech.secondary.SecondaryRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

@Service
public class TransactionalService {

    private final PrimaryRepository primaryRepository;
    private final SecondaryRepository secondaryRepository;

    public TransactionalService(PrimaryRepository primaryRepository, SecondaryRepository secondaryRepository) {
        this.primaryRepository = primaryRepository;
        this.secondaryRepository = secondaryRepository;
    }

    @Transactional
    public void executeDistributedTransaction() {
        PrimaryEntity primaryEntity = new PrimaryEntity();
        primaryEntity.setName("Primary Name");
        primaryRepository.save(primaryEntity);

        SecondaryEntity secondaryEntity = new SecondaryEntity();
        secondaryEntity.setDescription("Secondary Description");
        secondaryRepository.save(secondaryEntity);

        // 模拟异常以验证事务回滚
        if (true) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Simulated exception to trigger rollback");
        }
    }
}

6. 创建控制器

在控制器中调用服务层的方法，触发分布式事务：

package cn.juwatech.controller;

import cn.juwatech.service.TransactionalService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class TransactionalController {

    private final TransactionalService transactionalService;

    public TransactionalController(TransactionalService transactionalService) {
        this.transactionalService = transactionalService;
    }

    @GetMapping("/transaction")
    public String executeTransaction() {
        try {
            transactionalService.executeDistributedTransaction();
            return "Transaction executed successfully";
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return "Transaction failed: " + e.getMessage();
        }
    }
}

结论

通过本文，我们了解了如何在Spring Boot项目中使用Atomikos和Spring Cloud实现分布式事务。分布式事务保证了在多个数据库操作之间的数据一致性，是分布式系统中不可或缺的重要机制。