java百问总结（三）

1.How Compiler is works?

    Compiler consists the following phases: Lexical Analysis, Syntax Analysis, Semantic Analysis, IR Generation, IR Optimization, Code Generation, Optimization.  //编译器主要包括下面几个阶段：词法分析，语法分析，语义分析，生成IR，IR优化，代码生成，优化。

2.Type Checking for Object Oriented Features

    This post is about how object oriented features such as inheritance, overloading and overriding affect type checking. A type error occurs when an argument of an unexpected type is given to an operation. It can be signalled at compile time or at run time.

     ①.Inheritance:

         |-- Need to consider shape of class hierarchies.

         |-- When the least upper bound of A and B exists, we denote it A ∐ B.

    ②. Function overloading:

        |-- At compile-time, determine which function is mean by inspecting the types of the arguments. Report an error if no one function is the best function.

    ③. Function overriding:

        |-- Determine at run-time based on real object.

    Note: static type systems are often incomplete. So the goal is to make the language as expressive as possible while still making the type-checker sound.

3. What do Java objects look like in memory during run-time?

    Java methods are implemented as a stack(栈) of frames(帧) in JVM Stack and Java objects are allocated in Heap(堆).  // stack of frames “栈帧由三部分组成：局部变量区、操作数栈和栈数据区。