Windows Practice_闹钟(五)_GDI绘制工具

GDI的应用

简单画图软件,实现了画笔、直线、圆以及贴图的功能。
解决方案如下图所示:
这里写图片描述

// Paint.cpp : 定义应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <commdlg.h>
#include <Windowsx.h>
#include "DrawDemo.h"

#define MAX_LOADSTRING 100

typedef enum tagDrawType
{
    DRAW_NULL,
    DRAW_PEN,
    DRAW_LINE,
    DRAW_ROUND,
    DRAW_PIC
} DrawType;

DrawType g_drawType = DRAW_NULL;

BOOL g_bPen = FALSE;
POINT g_ptPenPoint;

BOOL g_bLine = FALSE;
POINT g_ptLineStartPoint, g_ptLineEndPoint;

BOOL g_bRound = FALSE;
POINT g_ptRoundStartPoint, g_ptRoundEndPoint;

BOOL g_bPic = FALSE;
POINT g_ptPicStartPoint, g_ptPicEndPoint;
wchar_t g_wsrePicPath[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };


// 全局变量: 
HINSTANCE hInst;                                // 当前实例
WCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING];                  // 标题栏文本
WCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING];            // 主窗口类名

                                                // 此代码模块中包含的函数的前向声明: 
ATOM                MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance);
BOOL                InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int);
LRESULT CALLBACK    WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
INT_PTR CALLBACK    About(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int APIENTRY wWinMain(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance,
    _In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
    _In_ LPWSTR    lpCmdLine,
    _In_ int       nCmdShow)
{
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance);
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine);

    // TODO: 在此放置代码。

    // 初始化全局字符串
    LoadStringW(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING);
    LoadStringW(hInstance, IDC_DRAWDEMO, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING);
    MyRegisterClass(hInstance);

    // 执行应用程序初始化: 
    if (!InitInstance(hInstance, nCmdShow))
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    HACCEL hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_DRAWDEMO));

    MSG msg;

    // 主消息循环: 
    while (GetMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0))
    {
        if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg))
        {
            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }
    }

    return (int)msg.wParam;
}

//
//  函数: MyRegisterClass()
//
//  目的: 注册窗口类。
//
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
    WNDCLASSEXW wcex;

    wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

    wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
    wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_DRAWDEMO));
    wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
    wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
    wcex.lpszMenuName = MAKEINTRESOURCEW(IDC_DRAWDEMO);
    wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass;
    wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL));

    return RegisterClassExW(&wcex);
}

//
//   函数: InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int)
//
//   目的: 保存实例句柄并创建主窗口
//
//   注释: 
//
//        在此函数中,我们在全局变量中保存实例句柄并
//        创建和显示主程序窗口。
//
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{
    hInst = hInstance; // 将实例句柄存储在全局变量中

    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowW(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance, nullptr);

    if (!hWnd)
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);
    UpdateWindow(hWnd);

    return TRUE;
}

//
//  函数: WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM)
//
//  目的:    处理主窗口的消息。
//
//  WM_COMMAND  - 处理应用程序菜单
//  WM_PAINT    - 绘制主窗口
//  WM_DESTROY  - 发送退出消息并返回
//
//
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch (message)
    {
    case WM_COMMAND:
    {
        int wmId = LOWORD(wParam);
        // 分析菜单选择: 
        switch (wmId)
        {
        case IDM_ABOUT:
            DialogBox(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_ABOUTBOX), hWnd, About);
            break;
        case IDM_EXIT:
            DestroyWindow(hWnd);
            break;
        case ID_PEN:
            g_drawType = DRAW_PEN;
            break;
        case ID_LINE:
            g_drawType = DRAW_LINE;
            break;
        case ID_ROUND:
            g_drawType = DRAW_ROUND;
            break;
        case ID_PICTURE:
        {
            g_drawType = DRAW_PIC;
            OPENFILENAME ofn = { 0 };
            ofn.lStructSize = sizeof(OPENFILENAME);
            ofn.lpstrFile = g_wsrePicPath;
            ofn.hwndOwner = hWnd;
            ofn.lpstrFilter = L"位图(*.bmp)\0*.bmp\0";
            ofn.nFilterIndex = 1;
            ofn.Flags = OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST | OFN_PATHMUSTEXIST;
            ofn.nMaxFile = MAX_PATH;
            GetOpenFileName(&ofn);
        }
        break;
        default:
            return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
        }
    }
    break;
    case WM_PAINT:
    {
        PAINTSTRUCT ps;
        HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
        // TODO: 在此处添加使用 hdc 的任何绘图代码...
        EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
    }
    break;
    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        break;
    case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
    {
        int x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam);
        int y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam);
        switch (g_drawType)
        {
        case DRAW_PEN:
            g_bPen = TRUE;
            g_ptPenPoint.x = x;
            g_ptPenPoint.y = y;
            break;
        case DRAW_LINE:
            g_bLine = TRUE;
            g_ptLineStartPoint.x = x;
            g_ptLineStartPoint.y = y;
            g_ptLineEndPoint.x = x;
            g_ptLineEndPoint.y = y;
            break;
        case DRAW_ROUND:
            g_bRound = TRUE;
            g_ptRoundStartPoint.x = x;
            g_ptRoundStartPoint.y = y;
            g_ptRoundEndPoint.x = x;
            g_ptRoundEndPoint.y = y;
            break;
        case DRAW_PIC:
            g_bPic = TRUE;
            g_ptPicStartPoint.x = x;
            g_ptPicStartPoint.y = y;
            g_ptPicEndPoint.x = x;
            g_ptPicEndPoint.y = y;
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
    break;
    case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
    {
        switch (g_drawType)
        {
        case DRAW_PEN:
            if (g_bPen)
            {
                HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
                MoveToEx(hdc, g_ptPenPoint.x, g_ptPenPoint.y, nullptr);
                int x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam);
                int y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam);
                LineTo(hdc, x, y);
                g_ptPenPoint.x = x;
                g_ptPenPoint.y = y;
                ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
            }
            break;
        case DRAW_LINE:
            if (g_bLine)
            {
                HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
                MoveToEx(hdc, g_ptLineStartPoint.x, g_ptLineStartPoint.y, nullptr);
                SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(WHITE_PEN));
                LineTo(hdc, g_ptLineEndPoint.x, g_ptLineEndPoint.y);

                SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(BLACK_PEN));
                MoveToEx(hdc, g_ptLineStartPoint.x, g_ptLineStartPoint.y, nullptr);
                int x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam);
                int y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam);
                LineTo(hdc, x, y);

                g_ptLineEndPoint.x = x;
                g_ptLineEndPoint.y = y;
                ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
            }
            break;
        case DRAW_ROUND:
            if (g_bRound)
            {
                HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);

                HBRUSH oldBrush = (HBRUSH)SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(HOLLOW_BRUSH));

                HPEN oldPen = (HPEN)SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(WHITE_PEN));
                Ellipse(hdc, g_ptRoundStartPoint.x, g_ptRoundStartPoint.y, g_ptRoundEndPoint.x, g_ptRoundEndPoint.y);
                SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(BLACK_PEN));
                int x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam);
                int y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam);
                Ellipse(hdc, g_ptRoundStartPoint.x, g_ptRoundStartPoint.y, x, y);

                SelectObject(hdc, oldPen);
                SelectObject(hdc, oldBrush);

                g_ptRoundEndPoint.x = x;
                g_ptRoundEndPoint.y = y;
                ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
            }
            break;
        case DRAW_PIC:
            if (g_bPic)
            {
                HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);

                HBITMAP hbitmap = (HBITMAP)LoadImage(nullptr, g_wsrePicPath, IMAGE_BITMAP, 0, 0, LR_CREATEDIBSECTION | LR_LOADFROMFILE);
                HDC hMemDc = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
                HBITMAP hOldBitMap = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hMemDc, hbitmap);

                BITMAP bmpInfo = { 0 };
                GetObject(hbitmap, sizeof(BITMAP), &bmpInfo);

                SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(WHITE_PEN));
                Rectangle(hdc, g_ptPicStartPoint.x, g_ptPicStartPoint.y, g_ptPicEndPoint.x, g_ptPicEndPoint.y);

                int x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam);
                int y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam);
                StretchBlt(hdc, g_ptPicStartPoint.x, g_ptPicStartPoint.y, x - g_ptPicStartPoint.x, y - g_ptPicStartPoint.y, hMemDc, 0, 0, bmpInfo.bmWidth, bmpInfo.bmHeight, SRCCOPY);

                g_ptPicEndPoint.x = x;
                g_ptPicEndPoint.y = y;

                SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(BLACK_PEN));
                SelectObject(hMemDc, hOldBitMap);
                DeleteObject(hbitmap);
                DeleteObject(hMemDc);
                ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
            }
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
    break;
    case WM_LBUTTONUP:
        g_bPen = FALSE;
        g_bLine = FALSE;
        g_bRound = FALSE;
        g_bPic = FALSE;
        break;
    default:
        return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
    }
    return 0;
}

这个画图软件很简单,但是也有地方值得我们学习:
DC状态的改变
每一次需要改变DC状态时,都需要还原回去。如果不设置回去,就有可能影响下一次的绘制。
画笔的实现
画笔给我们的感觉应该是一个像素点一个像素点来绘制的,但是,实际上是达不到我们想要的效果的。当鼠标移动速度过快时,它就会出现断层,这是因为鼠标的响应速度达不到。画笔其实也是两点之间连线达到的效果。
画图
如果直接在DC上画图,就会明显的感觉到闪烁,我们需要栓缓冲来画图。
双缓存,顾名思义,就是使用两个DC来进行绘制,一个临时内存DC在把一张图画画好之后,然后直接把这一整张图赋值给要显示的DC上,这样就不会出现闪烁的现象了。具体原理网上很多,这里就不做详细介绍了。
Win32文件打开对话框的使用
我们实现了纯Win32 API来创建一个文件打开的对话框,这比在MFC中实现同样效果要复杂很多,希望对大家能在使用Win32 API打开文件对话框有所帮助。
擦除机制
鼠标在移动的时候,都需要将上一次绘制结果给擦除掉,否则就会画出一片片的直线啊、椭圆啊、图片啊等等。

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好的,首先需要在代码中引入SE注意力模块所需的库和函数: ```python import tensorflow as tf def se_block(input_feature, ratio=8): """Squeeze-and-excitation block""" channel_axis = 1 if tf.keras.backend.image_data_format() == "channels_first" else -1 channel = input_feature.shape[channel_axis] se_feature = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(input_feature) se_feature = tf.keras.layers.Reshape((1, 1, channel))(se_feature) se_feature = tf.keras.layers.Dense(channel // ratio, activation='relu', kernel_initializer='he_normal', use_bias=True)(se_feature) se_feature = tf.keras.layers.Dense(channel, activation='sigmoid', kernel_initializer='he_normal', use_bias=True)(se_feature) if tf.keras.backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first': se_feature = tf.keras.layers.Permute((3, 1, 2))(se_feature) se_tensor = tf.keras.layers.multiply([input_feature, se_feature]) return se_tensor ``` 然后在代码中的残差块中添加SE注意力模块: ```python def residual_block(inputs, filters, strides=(1, 1), use_se=True): shortcut = inputs # first block x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters=filters, kernel_size=(3, 3), strides=strides, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal')(inputs) x = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) x = tf.keras.layers.Activation('relu')(x) # second block x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters=filters, kernel_size=(3, 3), strides=(1, 1), padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal')(x) x = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x) # SE block if use_se: x = se_block(x) # shortcut connection if strides != (1, 1) or inputs.shape[-1] != filters: shortcut = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters=filters, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=strides, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal')(inputs) shortcut = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(shortcut) x = tf.keras.layers.Add()([x, shortcut]) x = tf.keras.layers.Activation('relu')(x) return x ``` 这样就在代码中添加了SE注意力模块。注意,这里的实现方式是在残差块中嵌入SE注意力模块,而不是在整个模型中添加。

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