自学Python笔记-第十一章测试代码以及课后代码

总结：

在本章中，你学习了:

如何使用模块unittest中的工具来为函数和类编写测试;

如何编写继承unittest.TestCase的类，以及如何编写测试方法，以核实函数和类的行为符合预期;

如何使用方法setUp()来根据类高效地创建实例并设置其属性，以便在类的所有测试方法中都可使用它们。

 

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测试是很多初学者都不熟悉的主题。作为初学者，并非必须为你尝试的所有项目编写测试;但参与工作量较大的项目时，你应对自己编写的函数和类的重要行为进行测试。这样你就能够更加确定自己所做的工作不会破坏项目的其他部分，你就能够随心所欲地改进既有代码了。如果不小心破坏了原来的功能，你马上就会知道，从而能够轻松地修复问题。相比于等到不满意的用户报告bug后再采取措施，在测试未通过时采取措施要容易得多。

       如果你在项目中包含了初步测试，其他程序员将更敬佩你，他们将能够更得心应手地尝试使用你编写的代码，也更愿意与你合作开发项目。如果你要跟其他程序员开发的项目共享代码，就必须证明你编写的代码通过了既有测试，通常还需要为你添加的新行为编写测试。

请通过多开展测试来熟悉代码测试过程。对于自己编写的函数和类，请编写针对其重要行为的测试，但在项目早期，不要试图去编写全覆盖的测试用例，除非有充分的理由这样做。

 

 

动手试一试

下面这些不是我亲手码的代码，是书本自带的。

11-1 城市和人家

city_functions.py:

"""A collection of functions for working with cities."""

def city_country(city, country):

    """Return a string like 'Santiago, Chile'."""

    return(city.title() + ", " + country.title())

 

 

Note: This is the function we wrote in Exercise 8-6.

test_cities.py:

import unittest

from city_functions import city_country

class CitiesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):

    """Tests for 'city_functions.py'."""

    def test_city_country(self):

        """Does a simple city and country pair work?"""

        santiago_chile = city_country('santiago', 'chile')

        self.assertEqual(santiago_chile, 'Santiago, Chile')

unittest.main()

 

 

 

Output:

.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 1 test in 0.000s

 

OK

 

11-2人口数量

Modified city_functions.py, with required population parameter:

"""A collection of functions for working with cities."""

def city_country(city, country, population):

    """Return a string like 'Santiago, Chile - population 5000000'."""

    output_string = city.title() + ", " + country.title()

    output_string += ' - population ' + str(population)

    return output_string

Output from running test_cities.py:

E

======================================================================

ERROR: test_city_country (__main__.CitiesTestCase)

Does a simple city and country pair work?

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "pcc\solutions\test_cities.py", line 10, in test_city_country

    santiago_chile = city_country('santiago', 'chile')

TypeError: city_country() missing 1 required positional argument: 'population'

 

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 1 test in 0.000s

 

FAILED (errors=1)

Modified city_functions.py, with optional population parameter:

"""A collection of functions for working with cities."""

 

def city_country(city, country, population=0):

    """Return a string representing a city-country pair."""

 

    output_string = city.title() + ", " + country.title()

    if population:

        output_string += ' - population ' + str(population)

    return output_string

Output of running test_cities.py:

.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 1 test in 0.001s

 

OK

Modified test_cities.py:

import unittest

 

from city_functions import city_country

 

class CitiesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):

    """Tests for 'city_functions.py'."""

 

    def test_city_country(self):

        """Does a simple city and country pair work?"""

        santiago_chile = city_country('santiago', 'chile')

        self.assertEqual(santiago_chile, 'Santiago, Chile')

 

    def test_city_country_population(self):

        """Can I include a population argument?"""

        santiago_chile = city_country('santiago', 'chile', population=5000000)

        self.assertEqual(santiago_chile, 'Santiago, Chile - population 5000000')

 

unittest.main()

Output:

..

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 2 tests in 0.000s

 

OK

 

 

11-3雇员

employee.py:

class Employee():

    """A class to represent an employee."""

 

    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, salary):

        """Initialize the employee."""

        self.first = f_name.title()

        self.last = l_name.title()

        self.salary = salary

 

    def give_raise(self, amount=5000):

        """Give the employee a raise."""

        self.salary += amount

test_employee.py:

import unittest

 

from employee import Employee

 

class TestEmployee(unittest.TestCase):

    """Tests for the module employee."""

 

    def setUp(self):

        """Make an employee to use in tests."""

        self.eric = Employee('eric', 'matthes', 65000)

 

    def test_give_default_raise(self):

        """Test that a default raise works correctly."""

        self.eric.give_raise()

        self.assertEqual(self.eric.salary, 70000)

 

    def test_give_custom_raise(self):

  """Test that a custom raise works correctly."""

        self.eric.give_raise(10000)

        self.assertEqual(self.eric.salary, 75000)

unittest.main()

Output:

..

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 2 tests in 0.000s

OK