15.3.4 将对象用作异常类型

引发异常的函数将传递一个对象。这样做的重要优点之一是，可以使用不同的异常类型来区分不同的函数在不同情况下引发的异常。另外，对象可以携带信息，程序员可以根据这些信息来确定引发异常的原因。同时，catch块可以根据这些信息来决定采取什么样的措施。

class bad_hmean
{
private:
    double v1;
    double v2;
public:
    bad_hmean(int a = 0, int b = 0) : v1(a), v2(b){}
    void mesg();
};

inline void bad_hmean::mesg()
{
    std::cout << "hmean(" << v1 << ", " << v2 <<"): " << "invalid arguments: a = -b\n";
}

if (a == -b)
    throw bad_hmean(a,b);

try {                  // start of try block
    ...
}// end of try block
catch (bad_hmean & bg) // start of catch block
{
    ...
}
catch (bad_gmean & hg)
{
    ...
} // end of catch block

#include <iostream>

class bad_hmean
{
private:
    double v1;
    double v2;
public:
    bad_hmean(double a = 0, double b = 0) : v1(a), v2(b){}
    void mesg();
};

inline void bad_hmean::mesg()
{
    std::cout << "hmean(" << v1 << ", " << v2 <<"): "
              << "invalid arguments: a = -b\n";
}
class bad_gmean
{
public:
    double v1;
    double v2;
    bad_gmean(double a = 0, double b = 0) : v1(a), v2(b){}
    const char * mesg();
};

inline const char * bad_gmean::mesg()
{
    return "gmean() arguments should be >= 0\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath> // or math.h, unix users may need -lm flag
#include "exc_mean.h"
// function prototypes
double hmean(double a, double b);
double gmean(double a, double b);
int main()
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::cin;
    using std::endl;

    double x, y, z;

    cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
    while (cin >> x >> y)
    {
        try { // start of try block
            z = hmean(x,y);
            cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y
                << " is " << z << endl;
            cout << "Geometric mean of " << x << " and " << y
                << " is " << gmean(x,y) << endl;
            cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
        }// end of try block
        catch (bad_hmean & bg) // start of catch block
        {
            bg.mesg();
            cout << "Try again.\n";
            continue;
        }
        catch (bad_gmean & hg)
        {
            cout << hg.mesg();
            cout << "Values used: " << hg.v1 << ", "
                 << hg.v2 << endl;
            cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
            break;
        } // end of catch block
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
    return 0;
}

double hmean(double a, double b)
{
    if (a == -b)
        throw bad_hmean(a,b);
    return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
}

double gmean(double a, double b)
{
    if (a < 0 || b < 0)
        throw bad_gmean(a,b);
    return std::sqrt(a * b);
}

首先，bad hmean异常处理程序使用了一条continue语句，而bad_gmean异常处理程序使用了一条break语句。因此，如果用户给函数hmean()提供的参数不正确，将导致程序跳过循环中余下的代码，进入下一次循环;而用户给函数gmean()提供的参数不正确时将结束循环。这演示了程序如何确定引发的异常 (根据异常类型) 并据此采取相应的措施。
其次，异常类bad gmean和bad hmean使用的技术不同，具体地说，bad gmean使用的是公有数据和一个公有方法，该方法返回一个C风格字符串。