API之信息隐藏

最近在阅读leveldb的代码，以前没有太关注过信息隐藏，怎样才能不对外暴露实现细节。因此这里以leveldb中的Cache实现为例学习一下^_^

// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
//
// A Cache is an interface that maps keys to values.  It has internal
// synchronization and may be safely accessed concurrently from
// multiple threads.  It may automatically evict entries to make room
// for new entries.  Values have a specified charge against the cache
// capacity.  For example, a cache where the values are variable
// length strings, may use the length of the string as the charge for
// the string.
//
// A builtin cache implementation with a least-recently-used eviction
// policy is provided.  Clients may use their own implementations if
// they want something more sophisticated (like scan-resistance, a
// custom eviction policy, variable cache sizing, etc.)

#ifndef STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_CACHE_H_
#define STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_CACHE_H_

#include <stdint.h>
#include "leveldb/slice.h"

namespace leveldb {

class Cache;

// Create a new cache with a fixed size capacity.  This implementation
// of Cache uses a least-recently-used eviction policy.
extern Cache* NewLRUCache(size_t capacity);

class Cache {
 public:
  Cache() { }

  // Destroys all existing entries by calling the "deleter"
  // function that was passed to the constructor.
  virtual ~Cache();

  // Opaque handle to an entry stored in the cache.
  struct Handle { };

  // Insert a mapping from key->value into the cache and assign it
  // the specified charge against the total cache capacity.
  //
  // Returns a handle that corresponds to the mapping.  The caller
  // must call this->Release(handle) when the returned mapping is no
  // longer needed.
  //
  // When the inserted entry is no longer needed, the key and
  // value will be passed to "deleter".
  virtual Handle* Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
                         void (*deleter)(const Slice& key, void* value)) = 0;

  // If the cache has no mapping for "key", returns NULL.
  //
  // Else return a handle that corresponds to the mapping.  The caller
  // must call this->Release(handle) when the returned mapping is no
  // longer needed.
  virtual Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key) = 0;

  // Release a mapping returned by a previous Lookup().
  // REQUIRES: handle must not have been released yet.
  // REQUIRES: handle must have been returned by a method on *this.
  virtual void Release(Handle* handle) = 0;

  // Return the value encapsulated in a handle returned by a
  // successful Lookup().
  // REQUIRES: handle must not have been released yet.
  // REQUIRES: handle must have been returned by a method on *this.
  virtual void* Value(Handle* handle) = 0;

  // If the cache contains entry for key, erase it.  Note that the
  // underlying entry will be kept around until all existing handles
  // to it have been released.
  virtual void Erase(const Slice& key) = 0;

  // Return a new numeric id.  May be used by multiple clients who are
  // sharing the same cache to partition the key space.  Typically the
  // client will allocate a new id at startup and prepend the id to
  // its cache keys.
  virtual uint64_t NewId() = 0;

  // Remove all cache entries that are not actively in use.  Memory-constrained
  // applications may wish to call this method to reduce memory usage.
  // Default implementation of Prune() does nothing.  Subclasses are strongly
  // encouraged to override the default implementation.  A future release of
  // leveldb may change Prune() to a pure abstract method.
  virtual void Prune() {}

  // Return an estimate of the combined charges of all elements stored in the
  // cache.
  virtual size_t TotalCharge() const = 0;

 private:
  void LRU_Remove(Handle* e);
  void LRU_Append(Handle* e);
  void Unref(Handle* e);

  struct Rep;
  Rep* rep_;

  // No copying allowed
  Cache(const Cache&);
  void operator=(const Cache&);
};

}  // namespace leveldb

#endif  // STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_CACHE_H_

具体实现

// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "leveldb/cache.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "util/hash.h"
#include "util/mutexlock.h"

namespace leveldb {

Cache::~Cache() {
}

namespace {

// LRU cache implementation
//
// Cache entries have an "in_cache" boolean indicating whether the cache has a
// reference on the entry.  The only ways that this can become false without the
// entry being passed to its "deleter" are via Erase(), via Insert() when
// an element with a duplicate key is inserted, or on destruction of the cache.
//
// The cache keeps two linked lists of items in the cache.  All items in the
// cache are in one list or the other, and never both.  Items still referenced
// by clients but erased from the cache are in neither list.  The lists are:
// - in-use:  contains the items currently referenced by clients, in no
//   particular order.  (This list is used for invariant checking.  If we
//   removed the check, elements that would otherwise be on this list could be
//   left as disconnected singleton lists.)
// - LRU:  contains the items not currently referenced by clients, in LRU order
// Elements are moved between these lists by the Ref() and Unref() methods,
// when they detect an element in the cache acquiring or losing its only
// external reference.

// An entry is a variable length heap-allocated structure.  Entries
// are kept in a circular doubly linked list ordered by access time.
struct LRUHandle {
  void* value;
  void (*deleter)(const Slice&, void* value);
  LRUHandle* next_hash;
  LRUHandle* next;
  LRUHandle* prev;
  size_t charge;      // TODO(opt): Only allow uint32_t?
  size_t key_length;
  bool in_cache;      // Whether entry is in the cache.
  uint32_t refs;      // References, including cache reference, if present.
  uint32_t hash;      // Hash of key(); used for fast sharding and comparisons
  char key_data[1];   // Beginning of key

  Slice key() const {
    // For cheaper lookups, we allow a temporary Handle object
    // to store a pointer to a key in "value".
    if (next == this) {
      return *(reinterpret_cast<Slice*>(value));
    } else {
      return Slice(key_data, key_length);
    }
  }
};

// We provide our own simple hash table since it removes a whole bunch
// of porting hacks and is also faster than some of the built-in hash
// table implementations in some of the compiler/runtime combinations
// we have tested.  E.g., readrandom speeds up by ~5% over the g++
// 4.4.3's builtin hashtable.
class HandleTable {
 public:
  HandleTable() : length_(0), elems_(0), list_(NULL) { Resize(); }
  ~HandleTable() { delete[] list_; }

  LRUHandle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
    return *FindPointer(key, hash);
  }

  LRUHandle* Insert(LRUHandle* h) {
    LRUHandle** ptr = FindPointer(h->key(), h->hash);
    LRUHandle* old = *ptr;
    h->next_hash = (old == NULL ? NULL : old->next_hash);
    *ptr = h;
    if (old == NULL) {
      ++elems_;
      if (elems_ > length_) {
        // Since each cache entry is fairly large, we aim for a small
        // average linked list length (<= 1).
        Resize();
      }
    }
    return old;
  }

  LRUHandle* Remove(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
    LRUHandle** ptr = FindPointer(key, hash);
    LRUHandle* result = *ptr;
    if (result != NULL) {
      *ptr = result->next_hash;
      --elems_;
    }
    return result;
  }

 private:
  // The table consists of an array of buckets where each bucket is
  // a linked list of cache entries that hash into the bucket.
  uint32_t length_;
  uint32_t elems_;
  LRUHandle** list_;

  // Return a pointer to slot that points to a cache entry that
  // matches key/hash.  If there is no such cache entry, return a
  // pointer to the trailing slot in the corresponding linked list.
  LRUHandle** FindPointer(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
    LRUHandle** ptr = &list_[hash & (length_ - 1)];
    while (*ptr != NULL &&
           ((*ptr)->hash != hash || key != (*ptr)->key())) {
      ptr = &(*ptr)->next_hash;
    }
    return ptr;
  }

  void Resize() {
    uint32_t new_length = 4;
    while (new_length < elems_) {
      new_length *= 2;
    }
    LRUHandle** new_list = new LRUHandle*[new_length];
    memset(new_list, 0, sizeof(new_list[0]) * new_length);
    uint32_t count = 0;
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < length_; i++) {
      LRUHandle* h = list_[i];
      while (h != NULL) {
        LRUHandle* next = h->next_hash;
        uint32_t hash = h->hash;
        LRUHandle** ptr = &new_list[hash & (new_length - 1)];
        h->next_hash = *ptr;
        *ptr = h;
        h = next;
        count++;
      }
    }
    assert(elems_ == count);
    delete[] list_;
    list_ = new_list;
    length_ = new_length;
  }
};

// A single shard of sharded cache.
class LRUCache {
 public:
  LRUCache();
  ~LRUCache();

  // Separate from constructor so caller can easily make an array of LRUCache
  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) { capacity_ = capacity; }

  // Like Cache methods, but with an extra "hash" parameter.
  Cache::Handle* Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
                        void* value, size_t charge,
                        void (*deleter)(const Slice& key, void* value));
  Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash);
  void Release(Cache::Handle* handle);
  void Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash);
  void Prune();
  size_t TotalCharge() const {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    return usage_;
  }

 private:
  void LRU_Remove(LRUHandle* e);
  void LRU_Append(LRUHandle*list, LRUHandle* e);
  void Ref(LRUHandle* e);
  void Unref(LRUHandle* e);
  bool FinishErase(LRUHandle* e);

  // Initialized before use.
  size_t capacity_;

  // mutex_ protects the following state.
  mutable port::Mutex mutex_;
  size_t usage_;

  // Dummy head of LRU list.
  // lru.prev is newest entry, lru.next is oldest entry.
  // Entries have refs==1 and in_cache==true.
  LRUHandle lru_;

  // Dummy head of in-use list.
  // Entries are in use by clients, and have refs >= 2 and in_cache==true.
  LRUHandle in_use_;

  HandleTable table_;
};

LRUCache::LRUCache()
    : usage_(0) {
  // Make empty circular linked lists.
  lru_.next = &lru_;
  lru_.prev = &lru_;
  in_use_.next = &in_use_;
  in_use_.prev = &in_use_;
}

LRUCache::~LRUCache() {
  assert(in_use_.next == &in_use_);  // Error if caller has an unreleased handle
  for (LRUHandle* e = lru_.next; e != &lru_; ) {
    LRUHandle* next = e->next;
    assert(e->in_cache);
    e->in_cache = false;
    assert(e->refs == 1);  // Invariant of lru_ list.
    Unref(e);
    e = next;
  }
}

void LRUCache::Ref(LRUHandle* e) {
  if (e->refs == 1 && e->in_cache) {  // If on lru_ list, move to in_use_ list.
    LRU_Remove(e);
    LRU_Append(&in_use_, e);
  }
  e->refs++;
}

void LRUCache::Unref(LRUHandle* e) {
  assert(e->refs > 0);
  e->refs--;
  if (e->refs == 0) { // Deallocate.
    assert(!e->in_cache);
    (*e->deleter)(e->key(), e->value);
    free(e);
  } else if (e->in_cache && e->refs == 1) {  // No longer in use; move to lru_ list.
    LRU_Remove(e);
    LRU_Append(&lru_, e);
  }
}

void LRUCache::LRU_Remove(LRUHandle* e) {
  e->next->prev = e->prev;
  e->prev->next = e->next;
}

void LRUCache::LRU_Append(LRUHandle* list, LRUHandle* e) {
  // Make "e" newest entry by inserting just before *list
  e->next = list;
  e->prev = list->prev;
  e->prev->next = e;
  e->next->prev = e;
}

Cache::Handle* LRUCache::Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
  LRUHandle* e = table_.Lookup(key, hash);
  if (e != NULL) {
    Ref(e);
  }
  return reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(e);
}

void LRUCache::Release(Cache::Handle* handle) {
  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
  Unref(reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle));
}

Cache::Handle* LRUCache::Insert(
    const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value, size_t charge,
    void (*deleter)(const Slice& key, void* value)) {
  MutexLock l(&mutex_);

  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(
      malloc(sizeof(LRUHandle)-1 + key.size()));
  e->value = value;
  e->deleter = deleter;
  e->charge = charge;
  e->key_length = key.size();
  e->hash = hash;
  e->in_cache = false;
  e->refs = 1;  // for the returned handle.
  memcpy(e->key_data, key.data(), key.size());

  if (capacity_ > 0) {
    e->refs++;  // for the cache's reference.
    e->in_cache = true;
    LRU_Append(&in_use_, e);
    usage_ += charge;
    FinishErase(table_.Insert(e));
  } // else don't cache.  (Tests use capacity_==0 to turn off caching.)

  while (usage_ > capacity_ && lru_.next != &lru_) {
    LRUHandle* old = lru_.next;
    assert(old->refs == 1);
    bool erased = FinishErase(table_.Remove(old->key(), old->hash));
    if (!erased) {  // to avoid unused variable when compiled NDEBUG
      assert(erased);
    }
  }

  return reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(e);
}

// If e != NULL, finish removing *e from the cache; it has already been removed
// from the hash table.  Return whether e != NULL.  Requires mutex_ held.
bool LRUCache::FinishErase(LRUHandle* e) {
  if (e != NULL) {
    assert(e->in_cache);
    LRU_Remove(e);
    e->in_cache = false;
    usage_ -= e->charge;
    Unref(e);
  }
  return e != NULL;
}

void LRUCache::Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
  FinishErase(table_.Remove(key, hash));
}

void LRUCache::Prune() {
  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
  while (lru_.next != &lru_) {
    LRUHandle* e = lru_.next;
    assert(e->refs == 1);
    bool erased = FinishErase(table_.Remove(e->key(), e->hash));
    if (!erased) {  // to avoid unused variable when compiled NDEBUG
      assert(erased);
    }
  }
}

static const int kNumShardBits = 4;
static const int kNumShards = 1 << kNumShardBits;

class ShardedLRUCache : public Cache {
 private:
  LRUCache shard_[kNumShards];
  port::Mutex id_mutex_;
  uint64_t last_id_;

  static inline uint32_t HashSlice(const Slice& s) {
    return Hash(s.data(), s.size(), 0);
  }

  static uint32_t Shard(uint32_t hash) {
    return hash >> (32 - kNumShardBits);
  }

 public:
  explicit ShardedLRUCache(size_t capacity)
      : last_id_(0) {
    const size_t per_shard = (capacity + (kNumShards - 1)) / kNumShards;
    for (int s = 0; s < kNumShards; s++) {
      shard_[s].SetCapacity(per_shard);
    }
  }
  virtual ~ShardedLRUCache() { }
  virtual Handle* Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
                         void (*deleter)(const Slice& key, void* value)) {
    const uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
    return shard_[Shard(hash)].Insert(key, hash, value, charge, deleter);
  }
  virtual Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key) {
    const uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
    return shard_[Shard(hash)].Lookup(key, hash);
  }
  virtual void Release(Handle* handle) {
    LRUHandle* h = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle);
    shard_[Shard(h->hash)].Release(handle);
  }
  virtual void Erase(const Slice& key) {
    const uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
    shard_[Shard(hash)].Erase(key, hash);
  }
  virtual void* Value(Handle* handle) {
    return reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle)->value;
  }
  virtual uint64_t NewId() {
    MutexLock l(&id_mutex_);
    return ++(last_id_);
  }
  virtual void Prune() {
    for (int s = 0; s < kNumShards; s++) {
      shard_[s].Prune();
    }
  }
  virtual size_t TotalCharge() const {
    size_t total = 0;
    for (int s = 0; s < kNumShards; s++) {
      total += shard_[s].TotalCharge();
    }
    return total;
  }
};

}  // end anonymous namespace

Cache* NewLRUCache(size_t capacity) {
  return new ShardedLRUCache(capacity);
}

}  // namespace leveldb

• 上述代码种过有三个地方涉及隐藏实现细节：

  • extern Cache* NewLRUCache(size_t capacity);
  • class Cache类只是基类，定义了接口，具体实现其实是ShardedLRUCache类
  • 对于struct Rep的使用，在Cache中只是做了声明，类的细节在.cc文件中

• 还有别的方法吗？后续再补。。