Linux大数据开发基础：第四节：Linux文件系统（二）

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-25 11:10:04 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-25 11:10:04 发布

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分类专栏： linux 文章标签： linux

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http://blog.csdn.net/lovehuangjiaju/article/details/47905791

本节主要内容

访问控制列表ACL
链接
压缩和归档文件
其他日常管理实用程序

1. 访问控制列表ACL

在实际使用使用过程中，可能linux系统自身权限控制不能满足要求，还需要进一步细化，此时可以用ACL（ Access Control List ）进行，它主要提供 owner,group,others 的 read,write,execute 权限之外的细部权限配置。它可以针对单一使用者，单一文件或目录来进行 r,w,x 的权限规范，对于需要特殊权限的使用状况非常有帮助。
Ubuntu操作系统要使用ACL，需要手动去安装，安装方法如下：
使用apt-get install acl命令进行ACL的安装
这里写图片描述

（1）获取文件的acl

采用getfacl来获取文件的ACL详细信息，当文件不包含acl时，所显示的信息与ls -l命令相同

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l hello1.txt</span>
-rw---x--x <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">47</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">22</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">43</span> hello1.txt

root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl hello1.txt </span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: hello1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: xtwy</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: xtwy</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">user:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:rw-</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:--x</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">other:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:--x</span>

</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

（2）设置文件的acl

采用setfacl命令进行文件精细权限的设置，命令格式如下：

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">setfacl</span> <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--modify</span>（<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-m</span>) <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">ugo</span><span class="hljs-pseudo" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">:name</span><span class="hljs-pseudo" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">:permissions</span> <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">file-list</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

其中ugo分别是u或g或o，分别对应设置用户、组及其他用户对文件的访问权限。name为用户或组名，如果是o则无需指定，permissions是为待设置的权限，file-list，使用例如下：

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//下列命令给组xtwy添加读权限，给组root添加读写执行权限</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//给o也添加读写、执行权限</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># setfacl -m g:xtwy:r,g:root:rwx,o::rwx hello1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//显示acl信息</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl hello1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: hello1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: xtwy</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: xtwy</span>
user::rw-
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">group</span>::--x
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">group</span>:root:rwx
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">group</span>:xtwy:r--
mask::rwx
other::rwx
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//ls -l显示的权限信息</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l hello1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//文件权限部分多了个+号</span>
-rw-rwxrwx+ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">47</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">22</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">43</span> hello1.txt

</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

（3）获取目录或文件的acl

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># mkdir acltest</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -ld acltest/</span>
drwxr-xr-x <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> acltest/

<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>获取目录的acl，与文件操作一致
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl acltest/</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: acltest/</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: root</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: root</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">user:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:rwx</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:r-x</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">other:</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:r-x</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

给目录添加acl

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># groupadd groupacl</span>
//采用-d命令，这是与普通文件之间的区别
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># setfacl -d -m g:groupacl:r-x acltest/</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl acltest/</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: acltest/</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: root</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: root</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">user:</span>:rwx
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span>:r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">other:</span>:r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default:</span>user::rwx
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default:</span>group::r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default:</span>group:groupacl:r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default:</span>mask::r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default:</span>other::r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>

//ls -<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ld</span> 命令显示，目录权限多了个+号
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -ld acltest/</span>
drwxr-xr-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>+ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> acltest/



//在设置好的acl目录中创建文件与没有设置acl的目录中创建文件，有以下区别

oot@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo "file acl in acltst" > test1.txt</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l test1.txt </span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">19</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">58</span> test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl test1.txt </span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: test1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: root</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: root</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">user:</span>:rw-
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span>:r--
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">other:</span>:r--


root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd acltest/</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo "file acl in acltst" > test1.txt</span>
//权限后面也有+
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l test1.txt </span>
-rw-r--r--+ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">19</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>
//显示创建文件的acl信息
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># getfacl test1.txt </span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># file: test1.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner: root</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># group: root</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">user:</span>:rw-
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span>:r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>          <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#effective:r--</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">group:</span>groupacl:r-<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span>      <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#effective:r--</span>
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">mask:</span>:r--
<span class="hljs-label" style="box-sizing: border-box;">other:</span>:r--</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li></ul>

上面的代码说明，如果在acl目录中没有指定文件的acl信息，则会使用目录对应默认acl。

2. 链接

（1）硬链接

linux中的硬链接另一个文件的形式出现在文件结构中，如果硬链接与被链接文件在同一个目录中，则名字必须不一样，不在同一个目录的话，可以没有此要求

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>
//利用ln命令创建一个test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>文件的硬链接
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln test1.txt /home/xtwy/test1link</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/acltest<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd /home/xtwy/</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
acltest  Documents         hello1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>  Music     Templates  Videos
Desktop  Downloads         hello<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>   Pictures  test1link
dir      examples<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.desktop</span>  literature  Public    test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>
//利用cat命令查看test1link文件的内容，它其实是链接到test1<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.txt</span>文件
//然后显示相应内容
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat test1link</span>
file acl <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> acltst
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

<code class="hljs mel has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建完硬链接后，链接数+1</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/acltest# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ls</span> -l
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r--+ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">19</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> test1.txt
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//再创建一个硬链接</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/acltest# ln test1.txt /home/xtwy/test1link2
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//链接数+1</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/acltest# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ls</span> -l
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r--+ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">19</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">59</span> test1.txt

</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

硬链接以文件形式存在，但它实质上指向的是同一个文件，只不过是创建了指向目标文件的指针，即ln命令不会创建文件的副本，即它与cp命令有着本质的区别，如下图所示：
这里写图片描述

（2）软链接

linux操作系统除了支持硬链接之外，还支持符号链接（symbolic link）或软链接（soft link）。硬链接是直接指向文件的指针，它除了可以创建文件的符号链接之外，还可以创建目录的符号链接。先看几个例子：

<code class="hljs glsl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//不能创建目录的硬链接</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln Music softlink_Music</span>
ln: `Music': hard link <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">not</span> allowed <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> directory

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建目录的符号链接</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln --symbolic Music softlink_Music</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//链接数并没有增加，还是1</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l softlink_Music</span>
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span> softlink_Music -> Music


<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建普通文件的符号链接</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo "soft link test" >> soft.txt</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln -s soft</span>
softlink_Music/ soft.txt        
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln -s soft.txt softlink_txtfile</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通过下面的命令可以看到, 符号链接文件的大小为8</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//它与原始文件大小不一样，其大小是目标文件路径名中的字符数</span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l softlink_txtfile </span>
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">02</span> softlink_txtfile -> soft.txt
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat softlink_txtfile </span>
soft link test
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li></ul>

使用cd命令切换到目录的符号连接时，路径名中显示的是符号链接名称

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd softlink_Music</span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>路径名显示是符号链接
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd ..</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/home/xtwy# cd Music/</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># touch music1.mp3</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
music1.mp3
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">28</span> music1.mp3
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd ../softlink_Music</span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>目录内容与Music目录一致
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
music1.mp3
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># </span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

符号链接可以指向一个不存在的文件，例如

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>删除Music目录
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># rm -r ../Music</span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>删除后内容为空
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls </span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/softlink_Music<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd ..</span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>符号链接仍然存在
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l softlink_Music </span>
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span> softlink_Music<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> -></span> Music
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

硬链接由于采用的是指针的方式，如果文件删除，它将一直指向已删除的文件，而软链接总是指向新创建的文件

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>生成test文件
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo "hard and soft link test" > test.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>生成硬链接
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln test.txt hardlink_test.txt</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> hardlink_test.txt
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> test.txt
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat hardlink_test.txt </span>
hard <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> soft link test
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>创建符号链接
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ln -s test.txt softlink_test.txt</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> hardlink_test.txt
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span> softlink_test.txt<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> -></span> test.txt
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> test.txt
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat softlink_test.txt </span>
hard <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> soft link test
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>删除test.txt文件
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># rm test.txt</span>
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> hardlink_test.txt
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span> softlink_test.txt<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> -></span> test.txt
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>hardlink_test.txt仍然指向删除的文件，只有当该链接也被删除的时候
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>文件才被删除
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat hardlink_test.txt </span>
hard <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> soft link test
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>符号链接已经失效
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat softlink_test.txt </span>
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">cat</span>: softlink_test.<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">txt</span>: No such file <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">or</span> directory
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># </span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

创建新的test.txt文件之后，符号链接指向新文件，硬链接仍然指向被删除的文件

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo "new test file" > test.txt</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">45</span> hardlink_test.txt
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span> softlink_test.txt -> test.txt
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> test.txt
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat hardlink_test.txt </span>
hard <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> soft link test
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cat softlink_test.txt </span>
new test file
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

删除符号链接或硬链接与删除其它文件是一样的，例如：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># rm hardlink_test.txt </span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
lrwxrwxrwx <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">46</span> softlink_test.txt -> test.txt
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> test.txt
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># rm softlink_test.txt </span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/hard_symbolic_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> test.txt
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

3. 压缩和归档文件

如果文件较大的话，占用大量的磁盘空间或网络流量，常常会对文件进行压缩存储或网络传送，本节将介绍几种常用的文件压缩和归档方法

(1) bzip2压缩

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># mkdir compresse_demo</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cd compresse_demo/</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># cp /etc/profile .</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
profile
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">497</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">02</span> profile
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># bizip profile </span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">bizip:</span> command <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">not</span> found
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># bzip2 -v profile </span>
  <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">profile:</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.608</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.974</span> bits/byte, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37.83</span>% saved, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">497</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">309</span> out.
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">309</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-08-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">02</span> profile.bz2
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

(2) bz2文件解压缩

<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//bunzip2 解压缩
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># bunzip2 profile.bz2 </span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
-rw-r--r-- <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">497</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">02</span> profile


root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># bzip2 -v profile </span>
  profile:  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.608</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.974</span> bits/byte, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">37.83</span>% saved, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">497</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">309</span> out.
//bzcat查看文件压缩文件内容，原文件不会改变
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># bzcat profile.bz2 | tail -10</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> [ <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"`id -u`"</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-eq</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> ]; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">then</span>
      PS1=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'# '</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
      PS1=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'$ '</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fi</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fi</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fi</span>

umask <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">022</span>

</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li></ul>

(3) tar打包文件

采用tar -cvf命令进行目录或文件的打包, c表示create，v表示verbose，显示详细信息，f表示从一个文件进行读写，打包好的文件以tar作为扩展名结尾

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># tar -cvf test.tar profile </span>
profile
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls </span>
profile  test.tar
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

(4) tar解包文件

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># rm profile </span>
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>按表枨方式显示打包文件内容,t表示表格
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># tar -tvf test.tar</span>
-rw-r--r-- root/root       <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">497</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">02</span> profile
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
test.tar
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>解包文件，使用-x（extract）
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># tar -xvf test.tar </span>
profile
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

(5) gzip压缩与解压缩文件

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//压缩文件，压缩后的文件以<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.gz</span>结尾
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># gzip profile </span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
profile<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.gz</span>  test<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span>
//解压缩文件
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># gunzip profile.gz </span>
root@ubuntu:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls</span>
profile  test<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

(6) tar.gz文件解压缩

在网络上传输的文件通常都是经过gzip压缩后，再由tar归档后的文件，如下图所示：
这里写图片描述
使用tar -zxvf命令进行解压缩

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">tar -zxvf hadoop-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.7</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.1</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.gz</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

4. 其他日常管理实用程序

(1) whereis命令

在标准路径下搜索与名称相关的文件，whereis将所有搜索到的文件都显示

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># whereis tar</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">tar:</span> /bin/tar /usr/<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">include</span>/tar.h /usr/share/man/man1/tar.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>.gz /usr/share/man/man5/tar.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>.gz
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

(2) which命令

which在设定的搜索路径下进行目录搜索，只显示搜索到的第一个文件

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># which tar</span>
/bin/tar
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

(3) locate命令

locate命令用于在本地文件系统上进行文件搜索，下面的例子给出了与xtwy相关的所有系统文件，包括隐藏文件：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:/home/xtwy/compresse_demo</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># locate xtwy</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

这里写图片描述

红豆和绿豆

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Linux大数据开发基础：第四节：Linux文件系统（二）

http://blog.csdn.net/lovehuangjiaju/article/details/47905791本节主要内容访问控制列表ACL链接压缩和归档文件其他日常管理实用程序1. 访问控制列表ACL在实际使用使用过程中，可能linux系统自身权限控制不能满足要求，还需要进一步细化，此时可以用ACL（ Access Control List ）进行，
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