字符流中第一个不重复的字符

问题:请实现一个函数用来找出字符流中第一个只出现一次的字符。例如，当从字符流中只读出前两个字符"go"时，第一个只出现一次的字符是"g"。当从该字符流中读出前六个字符“google"时，第一个只出现一次的字符是"l"。 

方法1：将字符流保存起来

通过哈希表统计字符流中每个字符出现的次数，顺便将字符流保存在string中，然后再遍历string，从哈希表中找到第一个出现一次的字符；

方法2：哈希表特殊处理

同样通过哈希表来统计字符流中每个字符，不过不是统计次数，而是保存位置，哈希表初始化每个键值对应的value均为-1，如果字符出现一次，则value等于该字符的下标，如果字符出现两次，则value等于-2；这样遍历哈希表时，第一个value大于0的字符就是第一个出现一次的字符；

详细的代码实现:

#include <vector>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

class CharStatistics
{
public:
    CharStatistics() : index (0)
    {
        for(int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
            occurrence[i] = -1;
    }
    
    void Insert(char ch)
    {
        if(occurrence[ch] == -1)
            occurrence[ch] = index;
        else if(occurrence[ch] >= 0)
            occurrence[ch] = -2;  
        
        index++;  
    }
    
    char FirstAppearingOnce()
    {
        char ch = '\0';
        int minIndex = numeric_limits<int>::max();
        for(int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
        {
            if(occurrence[i] >= 0 && occurrence[i] < minIndex)
            {
                ch = (char)i;
                minIndex = occurrence[i];
            }
        }
        
        return ch;
    }
    
private:
    // occurrence[i]: A character with ASCII value i;
    // occurrence[i] = -1: The character has not found;
    // occurrence[i] = -2: The character has been found for mutlple times
    // occurrence[i] >= 0: The character has been found only once
    int occurrence[256];
    int index;
};

// ==================== Test Code ====================
void Test(char* testName, CharStatistics chars, char expected)
{
    if(testName != NULL)
        printf("%s begins: ", testName);

    if(chars.FirstAppearingOnce() == expected)
        printf("Passed.\n");
    else
        printf("FAILED.\n");
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    CharStatistics chars;

    Test("Test1", chars, '\0');

    chars.Insert('g');
    Test("Test2", chars, 'g');

    chars.Insert('o');
    Test("Test3", chars, 'g');

    chars.Insert('o');
    Test("Test4", chars, 'g');

    chars.Insert('g');
    Test("Test5", chars, '\0');

    chars.Insert('l');
    Test("Test6", chars, 'l');

    chars.Insert('e');
    Test("Test7", chars, 'l');

	return 0;
}