类的继承

先上一个简单的代码

头文件，jicheng.h

class TableTennisPlayer                                                                                                                                          
{
private:
        enum {LIM = 20};
        char firstname[LIM];
        char lastname[LIM];
        bool hasTable;
public:
        TableTennisPlayer(const char * fn = "none",const char *ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        void Name() const;
        bool HasTable() const { return hasTable;};
        void ResetTable (bool v) {hasTable = v;};
};

源文件：

#include "jicheng.h"                                                                                                                                             
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
TableTennisPlayer::TableTennisPlayer(const char *fn, const char *ln,bool ht)    
{                           
        std::strncpy(firstname,fn,LIM - 1);
        firstname[LIM - 1] = '\0';
        std::strncpy(lastname,ln,LIM - 1);
        lastname[LIM - 1] = '\0';                                               
        hasTable = ht;    
                                                  
}                                                
  
void TableTennisPlayer::Name() const                                            
{                                                                               
        std::cout << lastname << "." << firstname;                              
} 

main文件

#include "jicheng.h"                                                                                                                                             
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
        using std::cout;
        TableTennisPlayer player1 ("Ma","Lin",true);
        TableTennisPlayer player2 ("Wang","Nan",false);
        player1.Name();
        if (player1.HasTable())
                cout << ": has a table\n";
        else
                cout << ": hasn't a table\n";
        player2.Name();
        if (player2.HasTable())
                cout << ": has a table\n";
        else
                cout << ": hasn't a table\n";
}

如何继承这个类呢，比如我们要创建一个类，表示参加过锦标赛的乒乓球运动员，我们就可以继承上面的那个类，形如

class Ratedplayer:public TableTennisPlayer
{
private:
        unsigned int rating;
public:
                                                                                                                                                                 
}

Ratedplayer类有TableTennisPlayer派生而来，:冒号指出Ratedplayer类的基类是TableTennisPlayer类。上述特殊的声明头表明TableTennisPlayer是一个公有基类，这被称为公有派生，派生类对象包含基类对象。使用公有派生，基类的公有成员将成为派生类的公有成员，基类的私有部分也将成为派生类的一部分，但是只能通过积累的共有和保护方法来访问。

派生类还应继续添加自己的构造函数，额外的数据成员和成员函数。

我们来更新一下继承类，定义私有数据，并加上自身的构造函数和其他的方法

class Ratedplayer:public TableTennisPlayer
{
private:
        unsigned int rating;
public:
        Ratedplayer (unsigned int r = 0, const char * fn  = "none",
                        const char * ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        Ratedplayer (unsigned int r, const TableTennisPlayer & tp);
        unsigned int Rating() {return rating;}
        void ResetRating (unsigned int r ) {rating = r;} 

};

派生类不能直接访问基类的私有成员，而必须通过基类方法进行访问。例如，RatedPlayer的构造函数不能直接设置继承的成员，而必须使用基类的公有方法来访问私有的基类成员。具体来说，派生类构造函数必须使用基类构造函数。

创建派生类对象时，程序首先创建基类对象。从概念上说，这意味着基类对象应当在程序进入派生类构造函数之前被创建。C++使用成员初始化列表句法来完成这种工作。例如。下面时第一个RatedPlayer构造函数的代码。

Ratedplayer::Ratedplayer (unsigned int r,const char *fn, 
                                const char * ln,bool ht):TableTennisPlayer (fn,ln,ht)
{
        rating = r;

}

其中TableTennisPlayer(fn,ln,ht)是成员初始化列表，它是可执行的代码，它调用TableTennisPlayer构造函数。假如程序包含以下声明：

RatedPlayer rplayer1(1140,"Marry","Duck",ture);

则RatedPlayer构造函数将把实参"Marry","Duck"和true赋给形参fn，ln，和ht，然后将这些参数作为实参传递给TableTennisPlayer构造函数，后者将创建一个嵌套TableTennisPlayer对象，并将参数存储在对象中，然后，程序进入RatedPlayer构造函数，完成RatedPlayer对象的创建，并将参数r的值赋给rating成员。

如果省略成员初始化列表，程序将使用的默认的基类构造函数。

使用派生类：

        要使用派生类，程序必须要能够访问基类声明。我们将两个类的声明置于同一个头文件中

class TableTennisPlayer                                                                                                                                          
{
private:
        enum {LIM = 20};
        char firstname[LIM];
        char lastname[LIM];
        bool hasTable;
public:
        TableTennisPlayer(const char * fn = "none",const char *ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        void Name() const;
        bool HasTable() const { return hasTable;};
        void ResetTable (bool v) {hasTable = v;};
};

class Ratedplayer:public TableTennisPlayer
{
private:
        unsigned int rating;
public:
        Ratedplayer (unsigned int r = 0, const char * fn  = "none",
                        const char * ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        unsigned int Rating() {return rating;}
        void ResetRating (unsigned int r ) {rating = r;} 

};class TableTennisPlayer                                                                                                                                          
{
private:
        enum {LIM = 20};
        char firstname[LIM];
        char lastname[LIM];
        bool hasTable;
public:
        TableTennisPlayer(const char * fn = "none",const char *ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        void Name() const;
        bool HasTable() const { return hasTable;};
        void ResetTable (bool v) {hasTable = v;};
};

class Ratedplayer:public TableTennisPlayer
{
private:
        unsigned int rating;
public:
        Ratedplayer (unsigned int r = 0, const char * fn  = "none",
                        const char * ln = "none",bool ht = false);
        unsigned int Rating() {return rating;}
        void ResetRating (unsigned int r ) {rating = r;} 

};

方法的实现

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>


#include "jicheng.h"                                                                                                                                             #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
TableTennisPlayer::TableTennisPlayer(const char *fn, const char *ln,bool ht)    
{                                                                                                                                                                
        std::strncpy(firstname,fn,LIM - 1);
        firstname[LIM - 1] = '\0';
        std::strncpy(lastname,ln,LIM - 1);
        lastname[LIM - 1] = '\0';             
        hasTable = ht;     

}   

void TableTennisPlayer::Name() const
{                                       
        std::cout << lastname << "." << firstname;
} 


Ratedplayer::Ratedplayer (unsigned int r,const char *fn,
                                const char * ln,bool ht):TableTennisPlayer (fn,ln,ht)
{
        rating = r;

}

main.c文件

#include "jicheng.h"                                                                                                                                             
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;
        TableTennisPlayer player1 ("Ma","Lin",true);
        Ratedplayer rplayer1(1140,"wang","nan",true);
        rplayer1.Name();
        if (rplayer1.HasTable())
                cout << ": has a table\n";
        else
                cout << ": hasn't a table\n";
        player1.Name();
        if (player1.HasTable())
                cout << ": has a table\n";
        else
                cout << ": hasn't a table\n";
        rplayer1.Name();
        cout << ": rating: " << rplayer1.Rating() << endl;    

        return 0;
}