1.构造函数和析构函数
构造函数的作用:保证对象在创建后马上初始化,编译器会自动调用,无须码农操心;同时又提供了手动初始化的方法。
拷贝构造函数:自定义对象在赋值,传参,返回值时,只是进行的位拷贝,没有调用构造函数;可以理解为重载的一种方式。
析构函数的作用:保证对象在消失前对对象所占的资源马上释放,编译器会自动调用,无须码农操心;同时又提供了手动释放的方法。
2.new 和delete
new:分配内存(malloc),调用构造函数
new找不到足够的内存,则会new-handler的特殊函数将被调用,默认产生一个异常;如果想自己创建一个函数,不能有参数,返回值
为void;set_new_handler(new-handler)
delete:调用析构函数,释放内存(free),如果delete后参数是void*指针,由于无法确认其类型,所以无法调用析构函数,只能释放内存;
delete []( void**),无法嵌套释放内存,只能释放存放指针的内存,指针所指向的内存无法释放,需要码农处理;delete [] ,表示指针是
数组指针,且会在某个地方读取数组的大小,对所有的元素都释放资源。
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<new>
using namespace std;
int count = 0;
void out_of_memory()
{
cerr << "memory exhausted after" << count << "al"<< endl;
}
int main()
{
set_new_handler(out_of_memory);
while(1){
count++;
new int[1000];
}
return 0;
}
3.new和delete重载
new和delete重载都是成对出现的,如果二者不匹配则会调用默认的delete;
最一般的形式
void* operator new(size_t sz) ;
void operator delete(void* p) ;
数组形式:
void* operator new[](size_t sz);
void operator delete[](void* p) ;
placment 形式//这种形式还不是很了解
void* operator new(size_t sz,某种类型的指针) ;
void operator delete(void* p,某种类型的指针) ;
附上他人言论:
根本没有所谓的delete(temp) p;这样的显视调用placement delete的操作,之所以要自己实现一个placement delete是为了与placement new对应,以便在出错的时候处理:
一般都是这样子调用placement new的,比如:
<pre name="code" class="cpp">char *temp = (char*)malloc(sizeof(test));
test *p = new(temp)test;
p->~test();
free temp;
下面是比较好的例子
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;
void* operator new(size_t sz)
{
cout<< "Operator new: " << sz << endl;
void* v = malloc(sz);
if(!v) cout << "out of memory!" << endl;
return v;
}
void* operator new[](size_t sz)
{
cout<< "Operator new[]: " << sz << endl;
void* v = malloc(sz);
if(!v) cout << "out of memory!" << endl;
return v;
}
void* operator new(size_t sz,int* p)
{
cout<< "Operator new,int* p: " << sz << endl;
void* v = malloc(sz);
if(!v) cout << "out of memory!" << endl;
return v;
}
void operator delete(void* m)
{
cout << "operator delete" << endl;
free(m);
}
void operator delete[](void* m)
{
cout << "operator []delete" << endl;
free(m);
}
void operator delete(void* m,int* p)
{
cout << "operator []delete,int* p" << endl;
free(m);
}
class S{
int i[100];
public:
S(){cout << "S()"<<endl;}
~S(){cout << "~S()"<< endl;}
};
int main()
{
cout << "create and delete an int"<< endl;
int* i = new int(6);
delete i;
cout << "create and delete an int,int* p"<< endl;
int* p = new int(6);
int* a = new(p)int(2);
cout << "a= " << (*a) << endl;
delete p;
delete a;
cout << "create and delete an int[]"<< endl;
int* ii = new int[4];
delete []ii;
cout << "create and delete an S" << endl;
S* s = new S();
delete s;
cout << "create and delete S[]" << endl;
S* ss = new S[3];
delete []ss;
}