C++实现观察者模式

转自http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_66ec4d660100n49l.html，作者袁春旭

观察者模式是大学阶段应该掌握的几种重要的模式之一，它的用处广泛，而且其变种更能解决许多实际问题。下面详细的介绍一下。

名称：观察者模式--Observer

别名：Dependents, Publish-Subscribe

意图：定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。

下面用一个教师-学生的例子说明观察者模式，其中学生是观察者，教师是被观察者，不过这个也适用于电器-开关的例子，可以把电器看作观察者，开关看作被观察者，当开关开始有动作的时候，观察者接收到信息：

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
//   Subject.h        被观察对象
//-------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifndef SUBJECT_H
#define SUBJECT_H

#include "Observer.h"

class Observer;
class Subject
{
public:
    virtual ~Subject(){}
    virtual void Attach(Observer *aObserver) = 0;
    virtual void Talk() = 0;
    virtual char *GetContent() const = 0;
    virtual void SetContent(char *aContent) = 0;
protected:
    Subject(){};

};

#endif

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
//     Teacher.h
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef TEACHER_H
#define TEACHER_H

#include "Subject.h"
#include <list>
#include <iterator>

class Teacher : public Subject
{
public:
    Teacher();
    virtual void Attach(Observer *aObserver);
    virtual void Talk();
    virtual char *GetContent() const;
    virtual void SetContent(char *aContent);
private:
    std::list<Observer *> observerList;
    char *content;
};

#endif;

//---------------------------------------------------------------------
//     Teacher.cpp
//---------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "Teacher.h"

Teacher::Teacher()
{
    content = "现在开始上课";
}

void Teacher::Attach(Observer *aObserver)
{
    observerList.push_back(aObserver);
}

void Teacher::SetContent(char *aContent)
{
    content = aContent;
}

void Teacher::Talk()
{
    std::list<Observer *>::iterator students;
    for(students = observerList.begin() ; students != observerList.end() ; ++students)
    {
        ((Observer *)(*students))->Listen(this);
    }
}

char *Teacher::GetContent() const
{
    return content;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//     Observer.h             观察者
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef OBSERVER_H
#define OBSERVER_H

#include "Subject.h"

class Subject;
class Observer
{
public:
    virtual void Listen(Subject *aSubject) = 0;
    virtual ~Observer(){}
protected:
    Observer(){};
};

#endif

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
//    Student.h
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef STUDENT_H
#define STUDENT_H

#include "Observer.h"

class Student : public Observer
{
public:
    Student(char* = "学生");
    char *GetName() const;
    virtual void Listen(Subject *aSubject);
private:
    char *name;
};

#endif

//----------------------------------------------------------------
//    Student.cpp
//----------------------------------------------------------------
#include <iostream>


#include "Student.h"

Student::Student(char *aName)
{
    name = aName;
}

void Student::Listen(Subject *aSubject)
{
    std::cout << GetName() << ":老师刚才说，" << aSubject->GetContent() << std::endl;
}

char *Student::GetName() const
{
    return name;
}

//-------------------------------------------------------------
//     demo.cpp
//-------------------------------------------------------------
#include "Student.h"
#include "Teacher.h"

int main()
{
    Student *student1 = new Student("张三");
    Student *student2 = new Student("李四");
    Student *student3 = new Student("王五");
    Teacher teacher;

    teacher.Attach(student1);
    teacher.Attach(student2);
    teacher.Attach(student3);
    teacher.Talk();
    teacher.SetContent("今天我们一起来学习C++");
    teacher.Talk();

    std::system("PAUSE");

    return 0;
}

下面是输出的效果：