【英语：基础进阶_专项词汇拓展】H5.天文地理词汇专项提升

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1.SPACE SCIENCE

ASTRONOMY 天文学

astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/

the scientific study of the universe and of objects that existnaturally in space,such as the moon, the sun, planets, andstars
天文学

astronomer /əˈstrɑːnəmər/ 天文学家
astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/ 宇航员, 航天员

THE COSMOS 宇宙

The cosmos (UK: /ˈkɒzmɒs/, US: /ˈkɑːzmoʊs/) is the Universe.

Using the word cosmos rather than the word universe impliesviewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity;the opposite of chaos.

宇宙(尤指被视为有序体系时的)

cosmology 宇宙学
cosmologist 宇宙学家

UNIVERSE 宇宙;天地万物;万象

universe /ˈjuːnɪvɜːrs/

everything that exists, especially all physical matter,including all the stars,planets, galaxies, etc. in space

宇宙;天地万物;万象

theories of how the universe began
关于宇宙形成的各种理论

Eins tein’s equations showed the universe to be expanding.

SPACE SCIENCE

big bang theory 大爆炸理论
black hole 黑洞
dark matter 暗物质
Dark matter is material that is believed to form alarge part of the universe, but which has never beenseen.
cosmic rays 宇宙射线
gravity 重力
magnitude 星的亮度;星等
The star varies in brightness by about three magnitudes.
outer space外太空

CELESTIAL BODY 天体

celestial /səˈlestʃl/

of or from the sky or outside this world
天上的, 天空的

The astronomers witnessed one of the strangest celestial events ever.

celestial bodies 天体

A celestial body is any natural body outside of the Earth’s atmosphere.

A planet is a celestial body orbiting a star.

GALAXY 星系

galaxy /ˈɡæləksi/

any of the large systems of stars,etc. in outer space
星系

Astronomers have discovered a distant galaxy.

The Galaxy (also the Milky Way)

the system of stars that contains our sun and its planets, seen asa bright band in the night sky
银河系

Within our own galaxy there are probably tens of thousands of planetary systems(行星系).

STAR 恒星, 星

A star is a large ball of burning gas in space.

Stars appear to us as small points of light in the sky on clearnights.
恒星, 星

Sirius(天狼星) is the brightest star in the sky.

There was a big moon and hundreds of stars were shining overhead.

PLANET 行星

A planet is a large, round object in space that moves around a star.
行星

dwarf planet 矮行星

the planet Earth/Venus

Might there be intelligent life on other planets?

SOLAR SYSTEM 太阳系

The solar system is the sun and all the planets that go around it.

Our solar system is made up of the sun, 8 planets and theirmoons.

The planets all orbit around the sun and moons orbit around aplanet.
太阳系

Saturn is the second biggest planet in the solar sys tem.

2.THE EIGHT PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

太阳系八大行星

2.1.TERRESTRIAL (EARTH-LIKE) PLANETS

类地行星

水星 Mercury
金星 Venus
地球 Earth
火星 Mars

2.2.JOVIAN(JUPITER-LIKE) PLANETS

类木行星

木星 Jupiter
土星 Saturn
天王 Uranus
海王 Neptune

SATELLITE 卫星

a natural object moving around a larger object in space
卫星

The moon is Earth’s satellite.

a device sent up into space to travel around the ear th, used for collecting information or communicating by radio,television, etc.
人造卫星

Aweather/communications satellite 气象/通信卫星

The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite.

ASTEROID 小行星

asteroid /ˈæstərɔɪd/

an object like a very large rock that goes around the sun like a planet
小行星

Scientists are hoping an asteroid will cluethem in about early life on earth.

There is an asteroid on a collision coursewith the Earth.

asteroid belt
小行星带(火星和木星间运行)

COMET 彗星

a body of rock and ice that travels around the sunand that,as it nears the sun,develops a long tail of small pieces that can be seen
彗星

Halley’ s Comet(哈雷彗星) is going to come back in 2061.

As a comet gets closer to the sun,some gases init begin to unfreeze.

SUPERNOVA 超新星

supernova /ˈsuːpərnoʊvə/

a star that has exploded,strongly increasingits brightness for a few months
超新星

At least one supernova occurs per decade in our galaxy.

CONSTELLATION 星座

constellation /ˌkɑːnstəˈleɪʃn/

a group of stars that forms ashape in the sky and has a name
星座

horoscope /ˈhɔːrəskoʊp/

a description of what is going tohappen to you, based on the position of the stars and planetsat the time of your birth
星象, 占星(根据星象算命)

ROTATE

rotate /ˈroʊteɪt/

v.
to move or turn around a central fixed point
旋转;转动

The earth rotates around the sun.

rotation /roʊˈteɪʃn/

n.
the action of an object moving in a circle around a central fixed point
旋转;转动

the daily rotation of the earth on its axis(轴)
地球每天的自转

Earth completes 366 rotations(n.) about its axis in every leapyear (闰年).

ORBIT

orbit /ˈɔːrbɪt/

v.
If some thing such as a satellite orbits a planet, moon,or sun,it moves around it in a continuous, curving path.
沿轨道运行;围绕…运动

The earth takes a year to orbit the sun.

n.
a curved path followed by a planet or an object as itmoves around another planet, star, moon, etc.

(天体等运行的)轨道

the earth’s orbit around the sun
地球环绕太阳的轨道

EARTH’S ROTATION

Earth’ s rotation on its axis occurs every 24 hours.
Earth is always moving. Each day, the Earth makes one complete rotationon its axis. The axis is the imaginary line through the earth that extends from the North Pole to the South Pole.
As Earth rotates, it seems like the sun is moving across the sky, but it’s really the Ear th that is spinning. It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation,which is why there are 24 hours in one day.
In other words, if the sun is visible in the morning starting around 6:00AM, the Ear th will spin completely around by the next morning at 6:00 AMand you will see the sun in about the same place.

EARTH’S ORBIT

The Earth orbits around the sun every 365.25 days.

While the Earth is rotating on its axis, it also orbits thesun. It takes a little more than 365 days for the Earth tomake a complete trip around the sun.

Other planets have different orbital times. It takes only 87days for Mercury to orbit the sun, but 12 years for Jupiter to make the journey.

Scientists used to think that the Earth was the center of the universe, but phenomena such as stellar parallax haveproven that this is not true because the position of somestars change as we orbit.

ECLIPSE 日食;月食

eclipse /ɪˈklɪps/

an occasion when the sun disappears from view,ei ther completelyor partly, while the moon is moving between it and the earth, or when the moon becomes darker while the shadow of the earth movesover it
日食;月食

an eclipse of the sun/moon 日食;月食
a total/partial eclipse 全食;偏食

PHASE 关键性╱决定性阶段;(月亮的)盈亏

phase /feɪz/

a stage in a process of change or development
阶段;时期

a critical/decisive phase
关键性╱决定性阶段

each of the shapes of the moon as we see it from the earth at different times of the month
(月亮的)盈亏

在这里插入图片描述

新月
眉月
上弦月
盈凸月
满月
亏凸月
下弦月
残月

SPACE TRAVEL

craft/spacecraft 航天器
rocket 火箭
spaceship 宇宙飞船
space shuttle 航天飞机(往返于地球和太空站之间运载人和物资的)
space station 空间站, 太空站
capsule 太空舱

GEOGRAPHY

SPHERE

sphere /sfɪr/

an object that is completely round in shape like a ball.球体

hemisphere /ˈhemɪsfɪr/
(地球的)半球

the northern/sou thern hemisphere北/南半球

-sphere 构成名词,
a region that surrounds a planet, especially the earth

atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪr/ 大气, 大气层
ionosphere /aɪˈɑːnəsfɪr/ 电离层

EQUATOR 赤道

equator /ɪˈkweɪtər/

an imaginary line around the earth at an equaldistance from the Northand South Poles
赤道

在这里插入图片描述

LATITUDE LONGITUDE 纬度

latitude /ˈlætɪtuːd/

the distance of a place north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
纬度

paralle /ˈpærəlel/ 纬线;平行线
longitude /ˈlɑːndʒɪtuːd/ 经度

the distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, measured indegrees
经度

meridian /məˈrɪdiən/ 经线

TIME ZONE 时区

one of many equal parts into which the world is divided. In any place within each part, the particular point in the day is the same, and is an hour in front of or behind that in the parts oneither side
时区

If you go from New York to London, you cross five time zones.