cuda:编程实践

   终于迈出了c++到cuda的第一步

   基本的实现过程

   源代码：外国友人的开源码

  目标代码：移植CUDA

  源代码是c++程序，是boost框架下的，代码比较苦涩难懂,这个程序是生成无数个实例对象放入栈中

将对象放到GPU中,贴出提供给我们的英伟达官方列程：

#include <thrust/random.h>
#include <thrust/device_vector.h>
#include <helper_cuda.h>


// A structure of 2D points (structure of arrays).

class Points
{
        float *m_x;
        float *m_y;

    public:
        // Constructor.
        __host__ __device__ Points() : m_x(NULL), m_y(NULL) {}

        // Constructor.
        __host__ __device__ Points(float *x, float *y) : m_x(x), m_y(y) {}

        // Get a point.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ float2 get_point(int idx) const
        {
            return make_float2(m_x[idx], m_y[idx]);
        }

        // Set a point.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set_point(int idx, const float2 &p)
        {
            m_x[idx] = p.x;
            m_y[idx] = p.y;
        }

        // Set the pointers.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set(float *x, float *y)
        {
            m_x = x;
            m_y = y;
        }
};


// A 2D bounding box

class Bounding_box
{
        // Extreme points of the bounding box.
        float2 m_p_min;
        float2 m_p_max;

    public:
        // Constructor. Create a unit box.
        __host__ __device__ Bounding_box()
        {
            m_p_min = make_float2(0.0f, 0.0f);
            m_p_max = make_float2(1.0f, 1.0f);
        }

        // Compute the center of the bounding-box.
        __host__ __device__ void compute_center(float2 &center) const
        {
            center.x = 0.5f * (m_p_min.x + m_p_max.x);
            center.y = 0.5f * (m_p_min.y + m_p_max.y);
        }

        // The points of the box.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ const float2 &get_max() const
        {
            return m_p_max;
        }

        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ const float2 &get_min() const
        {
            return m_p_min;
        }

        // Does a box contain a point.
        __host__ __device__ bool contains(const float2 &p) const
        {
                                                                                                                                                                89,9           5%
    host_points.set(thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&x_h[0]), thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&y_h[0]));

    // Copy nodes to CPU.
    Quadtree_node *host_nodes = new Quadtree_node[max_nodes];
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(host_nodes, nodes, max_nodes *sizeof(Quadtree_node), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

    // Validate the results.
    bool ok = check_quadtree(host_nodes, 0, num_points, &host_points, params);
    std::cout << "Results: " << (ok ? "OK" : "FAILED") << std::endl;

    // Free CPU memory.
    delete[] host_nodes;

    // Free memory.
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(nodes));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(points));

    return ok;
}


// Main entry point.

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // Find/set the device.
    // The test requires an architecture SM35 or greater (CDP capable).
    int cuda_device = findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);
    cudaDeviceProp deviceProps;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProps, cuda_device));
    int cdpCapable = (deviceProps.major == 3 && deviceProps.minor >= 5) || deviceProps.major >=4;

    printf("GPU device %s has compute capabilities (SM %d.%d)\n", deviceProps.name, deviceProps.major, deviceProps.minor);

    if (!cdpCapable)
    {
        std::cerr << "cdpQuadTree requires SM 3.5 or higher to use CUDA Dynamic Parallelism.  Exiting...\n" << std::endl;
        exit(EXIT_WAIVED);
    }

    bool ok = cdpQuadtree(deviceProps.warpSize);

    // cudaDeviceReset causes the driver to clean up all state. While
    // not mandatory in normal operation, it is good practice.  It is also
    // needed to ensure correct operation when the application is being
    // profiled. Calling cudaDeviceReset causes all profile data to be
    // flushed before the application exits
    cudaDeviceReset();

    return (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}

通过对上述实例的模拟，我们完成了最开始的第一步，感谢老师，感谢英伟达！！！~~~

 

下面附全部的代码片段，来自英伟达：

/**
 * Copyright 1993-2015 NVIDIA Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Please refer to the NVIDIA end user license agreement (EULA) associated
 * with this source code for terms and conditions that govern your use of
 * this software. Any use, reproduction, disclosure, or distribution of
 * this software and related documentation outside the terms of the EULA
 * is strictly prohibited.
 *
 */

#include <thrust/random.h>
#include <thrust/device_vector.h>
#include <helper_cuda.h>


// A structure of 2D points (structure of arrays).

class Points
{
        float *m_x;
        float *m_y;

    public:
        // Constructor.
        __host__ __device__ Points() : m_x(NULL), m_y(NULL) {}

        // Constructor.
        __host__ __device__ Points(float *x, float *y) : m_x(x), m_y(y) {}

        // Get a point.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ float2 get_point(int idx) const
        {
            return make_float2(m_x[idx], m_y[idx]);
        }

        // Set a point.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set_point(int idx, const float2 &p)
        {
            m_x[idx] = p.x;
            m_y[idx] = p.y;
        }

        // Set the pointers.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set(float *x, float *y)
        {
            m_x = x;
            m_y = y;
        }
};


// A 2D bounding box

class Bounding_box
{
        // Extreme points of the bounding box.
        float2 m_p_min;
        float2 m_p_max;

    public:
        // Constructor. Create a unit box.
        __host__ __device__ Bounding_box()
        {
            m_p_min = make_float2(0.0f, 0.0f);
            m_p_max = make_float2(1.0f, 1.0f);
        }

        // Compute the center of the bounding-box.
        __host__ __device__ void compute_center(float2 ¢er) const
        {
            center.x = 0.5f * (m_p_min.x + m_p_max.x);
            center.y = 0.5f * (m_p_min.y + m_p_max.y);
        }

        // The points of the box.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ const float2 &get_max() const
        {
            return m_p_max;
        }

        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ const float2 &get_min() const
        {
            return m_p_min;
        }

        // Does a box contain a point.
        __host__ __device__ bool contains(const float2 &p) const
        {
            return p.x >= m_p_min.x && p.x < m_p_max.x && p.y >= m_p_min.y && p.y < m_p_max.y;
        }

        // Define the bounding box.
        __host__ __device__ void set(float min_x, float min_y, float max_x, float max_y)
        {
            m_p_min.x = min_x;
            m_p_min.y = min_y;
            m_p_max.x = max_x;
            m_p_max.y = max_y;
        }
};


// A node of a quadree.

class Quadtree_node
{
        // The identifier of the node.
        int m_id;
        // The bounding box of the tree.
        Bounding_box m_bounding_box;
        // The range of points.
        int m_begin, m_end;


    public:
        // Constructor.
        __host__ __device__ Quadtree_node() : m_id(0), m_begin(0), m_end(0)
        {}

        // The ID of a node at its level.
        __host__ __device__ int id() const
        {
            return m_id;
        }

        // The ID of a node at its level.
        __host__ __device__ void set_id(int new_id)
        {
            m_id = new_id;
        }

        // The bounding box.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ const Bounding_box &bounding_box() const
        {
            return m_bounding_box;
        }

        // Set the bounding box.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set_bounding_box(float min_x, float min_y, float max_x, float max_y)
        {
            m_bounding_box.set(min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y);
        }

        // The number of points in the tree.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ int num_points() const
        {
            return m_end - m_begin;
        }

        // The range of points in the tree.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ int points_begin() const
        {
            return m_begin;
        }

        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ int points_end() const
        {
            return m_end;
        }

        // Define the range for that node.
        __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ void set_range(int begin, int end)
        {
            m_begin = begin;
            m_end = end;
        }
};


// Algorithm parameters.

struct Parameters
{
    // Choose the right set of points to use as in/out.
    int point_selector;
    // The number of nodes at a given level (2^k for level k).
    int num_nodes_at_this_level;
    // The recursion depth.
    int depth;
    // The max value for depth.
    const int max_depth;
    // The minimum number of points in a node to stop recursion.
    const int min_points_per_node;

    // Constructor set to default values.
    __host__ __device__ Parameters(int max_depth, int min_points_per_node) :
        point_selector(0),
        num_nodes_at_this_level(1),
        depth(0),
        max_depth(max_depth),
        min_points_per_node(min_points_per_node)
    {}

    // Copy constructor. Changes the values for next iteration.
    __host__ __device__ Parameters(const Parameters ¶ms, bool) :
        point_selector((params.point_selector+1) % 2),
        num_nodes_at_this_level(4*params.num_nodes_at_this_level),
        depth(params.depth+1),
        max_depth(params.max_depth),
        min_points_per_node(params.min_points_per_node)
    {}
};


// Build a quadtree on the GPU. Use CUDA Dynamic Parallelism.
//
// The algorithm works as follows. The host (CPU) launches one block of
// NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK threads. That block will do the following steps:
//
// 1- Check the number of points and its depth.
//
// We impose a maximum depth to the tree and a minimum number of points per
// node. If the maximum depth is exceeded or the minimum number of points is
// reached. The threads in the block exit.
//
// Before exiting, they perform a buffer swap if it is needed. Indeed, the
// algorithm uses two buffers to permute the points and make sure they are
// properly distributed in the quadtree. By design we want all points to be
// in the first buffer of points at the end of the algorithm. It is the reason
// why we may have to swap the buffer before leavin (if the points are in the
// 2nd buffer).
//
// 2- Count the number of points in each child.
//
// If the depth is not too high and the number of points is sufficient, the
// block has to dispatch the points into four geometrical buckets: Its
// children. For that purpose, we compute the center of the bounding box and
// count the number of points in each quadrant.
//
// The set of points is divided into sections. Each section is given to a
// warp of threads (32 threads). Warps use __ballot and __popc intrinsics
// to count the points. See the Programming Guide for more information about
// those functions.
//
// 3- Scan the warps' results to know the "global" numbers.
//
// Warps work independently from each other. At the end, each warp knows the
// number of points in its section. To know the numbers for the block, the
// block has to run a scan/reduce at the block level. It's a traditional
// approach. The implementation in that sample is not as optimized as what
// could be found in fast radix sorts, for example, but it relies on the same
// idea.
//
// 4- Move points.
//
// Now that the block knows how many points go in each of its 4 children, it
// remains to dispatch the points. It is straightforward.
//
// 5- Launch new blocks.
//
// The block launches four new blocks: One per children. Each of the four blocks
// will apply the same algorithm.

template< int NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK >
__global__
void build_quadtree_kernel(Quadtree_node *nodes, Points *points, Parameters params)
{
    // The number of warps in a block.
    const int NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK = NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK / warpSize;

    // Shared memory to store the number of points.
    extern __shared__ int smem[];

    // s_num_pts[4][NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK];
    // Addresses of shared memory.
    volatile int *s_num_pts[4];

    for (int i = 0 ; i < 4 ; ++i)
        s_num_pts[i] = (volatile int *) &smem[i*NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK];

    // Compute the coordinates of the threads in the block.
    const int warp_id = threadIdx.x / warpSize;
    const int lane_id = threadIdx.x % warpSize;

    // Mask for compaction.
    int lane_mask_lt = (1 << lane_id) - 1; // Same as: asm( "mov.u32 %0, %%lanemask_lt;" : "=r"(lane_mask_lt) );

    // The current node.
    Quadtree_node &node = nodes[blockIdx.x];
    node.set_id(node.id() + blockIdx.x);

    // The number of points in the node.
    int num_points = node.num_points();

    //
    // 1- Check the number of points and its depth.
    //

    // Stop the recursion here. Make sure points[0] contains all the points.
    if (params.depth >= params.max_depth || num_points <= params.min_points_per_node)
    {
        if (params.point_selector == 1)
        {
            int it = node.points_begin(), end = node.points_end();

            for (it += threadIdx.x ; it < end ; it += NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
                if (it < end)
                    points[0].set_point(it, points[1].get_point(it));
        }

        return;
    }

    // Compute the center of the bounding box of the points.
    const Bounding_box &bbox = node.bounding_box();
    float2 center;
    bbox.compute_center(center);

    // Find how many points to give to each warp.
    int num_points_per_warp = max(warpSize, (num_points + NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK-1) / NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK);

    // Each warp of threads will compute the number of points to move to each quadrant.
    int range_begin = node.points_begin() + warp_id * num_points_per_warp;
    int range_end   = min(range_begin + num_points_per_warp, node.points_end());

    //
    // 2- Count the number of points in each child.
    //

    // Reset the counts of points per child.
    if (lane_id == 0)
    {
        s_num_pts[0][warp_id] = 0;
        s_num_pts[1][warp_id] = 0;
        s_num_pts[2][warp_id] = 0;
        s_num_pts[3][warp_id] = 0;
    }

    // Input points.
    const Points &in_points = points[params.point_selector];

    // Compute the number of points.
    for (int range_it = range_begin + lane_id ; __any(range_it < range_end) ; range_it += warpSize)
    {
        // Is it still an active thread?
        bool is_active = range_it < range_end;

        // Load the coordinates of the point.
        float2 p = is_active ? in_points.get_point(range_it) : make_float2(0.0f, 0.0f);

        // Count top-left points.
        int num_pts = __popc(__ballot(is_active && p.x < center.x && p.y >= center.y));

        if (num_pts > 0 && lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[0][warp_id] += num_pts;

        // Count top-right points.
        num_pts = __popc(__ballot(is_active && p.x >= center.x && p.y >= center.y));

        if (num_pts > 0 && lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[1][warp_id] += num_pts;

        // Count bottom-left points.
        num_pts = __popc(__ballot(is_active && p.x < center.x && p.y < center.y));

        if (num_pts > 0 && lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[2][warp_id] += num_pts;

        // Count bottom-right points.
        num_pts = __popc(__ballot(is_active && p.x >= center.x && p.y < center.y));

        if (num_pts > 0 && lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[3][warp_id] += num_pts;
    }

    // Make sure warps have finished counting.
    __syncthreads();

    //
    // 3- Scan the warps' results to know the "global" numbers.
    //

    // First 4 warps scan the numbers of points per child (inclusive scan).
    if (warp_id < 4)
    {
        int num_pts = lane_id < NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK ? s_num_pts[warp_id][lane_id] : 0;
#pragma unroll

        for (int offset = 1 ; offset < NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK ; offset *= 2)
        {
            int n = __shfl_up(num_pts, offset, NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK);

            if (lane_id >= offset)
                num_pts += n;
        }

        if (lane_id < NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK)
            s_num_pts[warp_id][lane_id] = num_pts;
    }

    __syncthreads();

    // Compute global offsets.
    if (warp_id == 0)
    {
        int sum = s_num_pts[0][NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK-1];

        for (int row = 1 ; row < 4 ; ++row)
        {
            int tmp = s_num_pts[row][NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK-1];

            if (lane_id < NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK)
                s_num_pts[row][lane_id] += sum;

            sum += tmp;
        }
    }

    __syncthreads();

    // Make the scan exclusive.
    if (threadIdx.x < 4*NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK)
    {
        int val = threadIdx.x == 0 ? 0 : smem[threadIdx.x-1];
        val += node.points_begin();
        smem[threadIdx.x] = val;
    }

    __syncthreads();

    //
    // 4- Move points.
    //

    // Output points.
    Points &out_points = points[(params.point_selector+1) % 2];

    // Reorder points.
    for (int range_it = range_begin + lane_id ; __any(range_it < range_end) ; range_it += warpSize)
    {
        // Is it still an active thread?
        bool is_active = range_it < range_end;

        // Load the coordinates of the point.
        float2 p = is_active ? in_points.get_point(range_it) : make_float2(0.0f, 0.0f);

        // Count top-left points.
        bool pred = is_active && p.x < center.x && p.y >= center.y;
        int vote = __ballot(pred);
        int dest = s_num_pts[0][warp_id] + __popc(vote & lane_mask_lt);

        if (pred)
            out_points.set_point(dest, p);

        if (lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[0][warp_id] += __popc(vote);

        // Count top-right points.
        pred = is_active && p.x >= center.x && p.y >= center.y;
        vote = __ballot(pred);
        dest = s_num_pts[1][warp_id] + __popc(vote & lane_mask_lt);

        if (pred)
            out_points.set_point(dest, p);

        if (lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[1][warp_id] += __popc(vote);

        // Count bottom-left points.
        pred = is_active && p.x < center.x && p.y < center.y;
        vote = __ballot(pred);
        dest = s_num_pts[2][warp_id] + __popc(vote & lane_mask_lt);

        if (pred)
            out_points.set_point(dest, p);

        if (lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[2][warp_id] += __popc(vote);

        // Count bottom-right points.
        pred = is_active && p.x >= center.x && p.y < center.y;
        vote = __ballot(pred);
        dest = s_num_pts[3][warp_id] + __popc(vote & lane_mask_lt);

        if (pred)
            out_points.set_point(dest, p);

        if (lane_id == 0)
            s_num_pts[3][warp_id] += __popc(vote);
    }

    __syncthreads();

    //
    // 5- Launch new blocks.
    //

    // The last thread launches new blocks.
    if (threadIdx.x == NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK-1)
    {
        // The children.
        Quadtree_node *children = &nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level];

        // The offsets of the children at their level.
        int child_offset = 4*node.id();

        // Set IDs.
        children[child_offset+0].set_id(4*node.id()+ 0);
        children[child_offset+1].set_id(4*node.id()+ 4);
        children[child_offset+2].set_id(4*node.id()+ 8);
        children[child_offset+3].set_id(4*node.id()+12);

        // Points of the bounding-box.
        const float2 &p_min = bbox.get_min();
        const float2 &p_max = bbox.get_max();

        // Set the bounding boxes of the children.
        children[child_offset+0].set_bounding_box(p_min.x , center.y, center.x, p_max.y);    // Top-left.
        children[child_offset+1].set_bounding_box(center.x, center.y, p_max.x , p_max.y);    // Top-right.
        children[child_offset+2].set_bounding_box(p_min.x , p_min.y , center.x, center.y);   // Bottom-left.
        children[child_offset+3].set_bounding_box(center.x, p_min.y , p_max.x , center.y);   // Bottom-right.

        // Set the ranges of the children.
        children[child_offset+0].set_range(node.points_begin(),   s_num_pts[0][warp_id]);
        children[child_offset+1].set_range(s_num_pts[0][warp_id], s_num_pts[1][warp_id]);
        children[child_offset+2].set_range(s_num_pts[1][warp_id], s_num_pts[2][warp_id]);
        children[child_offset+3].set_range(s_num_pts[2][warp_id], s_num_pts[3][warp_id]);

        // Launch 4 children.
        build_quadtree_kernel<NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK><<<4, NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK, 4 *NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK *sizeof(int)>>>(children, points, Parameters(params, true));
    }
}


// Make sure a Quadtree is properly defined.

bool check_quadtree(const Quadtree_node *nodes, int idx, int num_pts, Points *pts, Parameters params)
{
    const Quadtree_node &node = nodes[idx];
    int num_points = node.num_points();

    if (params.depth == params.max_depth || num_points <= params.min_points_per_node)
    {
        int num_points_in_children = 0;

        num_points_in_children += nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level + 4*idx+0].num_points();
        num_points_in_children += nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level + 4*idx+1].num_points();
        num_points_in_children += nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level + 4*idx+2].num_points();
        num_points_in_children += nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level + 4*idx+3].num_points();

        if (num_points_in_children != node.num_points())
            return false;

        return check_quadtree(&nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level], 4*idx+0, num_pts, pts, Parameters(params, true)) &&
               check_quadtree(&nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level], 4*idx+1, num_pts, pts, Parameters(params, true)) &&
               check_quadtree(&nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level], 4*idx+2, num_pts, pts, Parameters(params, true)) &&
               check_quadtree(&nodes[params.num_nodes_at_this_level], 4*idx+3, num_pts, pts, Parameters(params, true));
    }

    const Bounding_box &bbox = node.bounding_box();

    for (int it = node.points_begin() ; it < node.points_end() ; ++it)
    {
        if (it >= num_pts)
            return false;

        float2 p = pts->get_point(it);

        if (!bbox.contains(p))
            return false;
    }

    return true;
}


// Parallel random number generator.

struct Random_generator
{
    __host__ __device__ unsigned int hash(unsigned int a)
    {
        a = (a+0x7ed55d16) + (a<<12);
        a = (a^0xc761c23c) ^ (a>>19);
        a = (a+0x165667b1) + (a<<5);
        a = (a+0xd3a2646c) ^ (a<<9);
        a = (a+0xfd7046c5) + (a<<3);
        a = (a^0xb55a4f09) ^ (a>>16);
        return a;
    }

    __host__ __device__ __forceinline__ thrust::tuple<float, float> operator()()
    {
#ifdef __CUDA_ARCH__
        unsigned seed = hash(blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x);
#else
        unsigned seed = hash(0);
#endif
        thrust::default_random_engine rng(seed);
        thrust::random::uniform_real_distribution<float> distrib;
        return thrust::make_tuple(distrib(rng), distrib(rng));
    }
};


// Allocate GPU structs, launch kernel and clean up

bool cdpQuadtree(int warp_size)
{
    // Constants to control the algorithm.
    const int num_points = 1024;
    const int max_depth  = 8;
    const int min_points_per_node = 16;

    // Allocate memory for points.
    thrust::device_vector<float> x_d0(num_points);
    thrust::device_vector<float> x_d1(num_points);
    thrust::device_vector<float> y_d0(num_points);
    thrust::device_vector<float> y_d1(num_points);

    // Generate random points.
    Random_generator rnd;
    thrust::generate(
        thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(x_d0.begin(), y_d0.begin())),
        thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(x_d0.end(), y_d0.end())),
        rnd);

    // Host structures to analyze the device ones.
    Points points_init[2];
    points_init[0].set(thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&x_d0[0]), thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&y_d0[0]));
    points_init[1].set(thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&x_d1[0]), thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&y_d1[0]));

    // Allocate memory to store points.
    Points *points;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **) &points, 2*sizeof(Points)));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(points, points_init, 2*sizeof(Points), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

    // We could use a close form...
    int max_nodes = 0;

    for (int i = 0, num_nodes_at_level = 1 ; i < max_depth ; ++i, num_nodes_at_level *= 4)
        max_nodes += num_nodes_at_level;

    // Allocate memory to store the tree.
    Quadtree_node root;
    root.set_range(0, num_points);
    Quadtree_node *nodes;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **) &nodes, max_nodes*sizeof(Quadtree_node)));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(nodes, &root, sizeof(Quadtree_node), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

    // We set the recursion limit for CDP to max_depth.
    cudaDeviceSetLimit(cudaLimitDevRuntimeSyncDepth, max_depth);

    // Build the quadtree.
    Parameters params(max_depth, min_points_per_node);
    std::cout << "Launching CDP kernel to build the quadtree" << std::endl;
    const int NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 128; // Do not use less than 128 threads.
    const int NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK = NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK / warp_size;
    const size_t smem_size = 4*NUM_WARPS_PER_BLOCK*sizeof(int);
    build_quadtree_kernel<NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK><<<1, NUM_THREADS_PER_BLOCK, smem_size>>>(nodes, points, params);
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetLastError());

    // Copy points to CPU.
    thrust::host_vector<float> x_h(x_d0);
    thrust::host_vector<float> y_h(y_d0);
    Points host_points;
    host_points.set(thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&x_h[0]), thrust::raw_pointer_cast(&y_h[0]));

    // Copy nodes to CPU.
    Quadtree_node *host_nodes = new Quadtree_node[max_nodes];
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(host_nodes, nodes, max_nodes *sizeof(Quadtree_node), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

    // Validate the results.
    bool ok = check_quadtree(host_nodes, 0, num_points, &host_points, params);
    std::cout << "Results: " << (ok ? "OK" : "FAILED") << std::endl;

    // Free CPU memory.
    delete[] host_nodes;

    // Free memory.
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(nodes));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(points));

    return ok;
}


// Main entry point.

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // Find/set the device.
    // The test requires an architecture SM35 or greater (CDP capable).
    int cuda_device = findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);
    cudaDeviceProp deviceProps;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProps, cuda_device));
    int cdpCapable = (deviceProps.major == 3 && deviceProps.minor >= 5) || deviceProps.major >=4;

    printf("GPU device %s has compute capabilities (SM %d.%d)\n", deviceProps.name, deviceProps.major, deviceProps.minor);

    if (!cdpCapable)
    {
        std::cerr << "cdpQuadTree requires SM 3.5 or higher to use CUDA Dynamic Parallelism.  Exiting...\n" << std::endl;
        exit(EXIT_WAIVED);
    }

    bool ok = cdpQuadtree(deviceProps.warpSize);

    // cudaDeviceReset causes the driver to clean up all state. While
    // not mandatory in normal operation, it is good practice.  It is also
    // needed to ensure correct operation when the application is being
    // profiled. Calling cudaDeviceReset causes all profile data to be
    // flushed before the application exits
    cudaDeviceReset();

    return (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}