CentOS下搭建个人Python开发环境

环境如下：

系统版本	普通用户	Python版本
CentOS Linux release 7.1.1503 (Core)	lucy	Python 3.5.2

搭建步骤：

1、下载Python源码包，附上官网下载链接：https://www.python.org/downloads/。

[lucy@min software]$ ls
Python-3.5.2.tgz  # 下面以安装Python-3.5.2.tgz为例

2、解压Python-3.5.2.tgz。

[lucy@min software]$ tar xf Python-3.5.2.tgz 
[lucy@min software]$ ls
Python-3.5.2  Python-3.5.2.tgz

3、编译安装Python-3.5.2到/home/lucy/python352下。

[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ ./configure --prefix=/home/lucy/python352
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
checking for --enable-universalsdk... no
checking for --with-universal-archs... no
checking MACHDEP... linux
checking for --without-gcc... no
checking for --with-icc... no
checking for gcc... no
checking for cc... no
checking for cl.exe... no
configure: error: in `/home/lucy/software/Python-3.5.2':
configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH
See `config.log' for more details

configure时报错“no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH”，在环境变量$PATH下没找到可用的C编译器，安装GCC编译器便可解决。

[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ su - root
Password:
[root@min ~]# yum install gcc -y

重新编译安装Python-3.5.2：

[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ ./configure --prefix=/home/lucy/python352
[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ make
[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ make install
......
Ignoring ensurepip failure: pip 8.1.1 requires SSL/TLS

make install到最后提示“failure：pip 8.1.1 requires SSL/TLS”，在安装编译Python-3.5.2时默认也会安装pip，但pip依赖于SSL/TLS，故得先安装openssh-devel。

[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ su - root
Password:
[root@min ~]# yum install openssl-devel -y

重新"make install"：
[root@min ~]# exit
[lucy@min Python-3.5.2]$ make install
......
Successfully installed pip-8.1.1 setuptools-20.10.1
[lucy@min python352]$ ls
bin  include  lib  share
[lucy@min python352]$ ls bin/
total 24032
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy        8 Aug 16 22:28 2to3 -> 2to3-3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      111 Aug 16 22:28 2to3-3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      251 Aug 16 22:29 easy_install-3.5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy        7 Aug 16 22:28 idle3 -> idle3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      109 Aug 16 22:28 idle3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      223 Aug 16 22:29 pip3
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      223 Aug 16 22:29 pip3.5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy        8 Aug 16 22:28 pydoc3 -> pydoc3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy       94 Aug 16 22:28 pydoc3.5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy        9 Aug 16 22:28 python3 -> python3.5
-rwxr-xr-x 2 lucy lucy 12284743 Aug 16 22:26 python3.5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy       17 Aug 16 22:28 python3.5-config -> python3.5m-config
-rwxr-xr-x 2 lucy lucy 12284743 Aug 16 22:26 python3.5m
-rwxr-xr-x 1 lucy lucy     3090 Aug 16 22:28 python3.5m-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy       16 Aug 16 22:28 python3-config -> python3.5-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 lucy lucy       10 Aug 16 22:28 pyvenv -> pyvenv-3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy      246 Aug 16 22:28 pyvenv-3.5

4、安装virtualenvwrapper。

[lucy@min bin]$ ./pip3 install virtualenvwrapper
Collecting virtualenvwrapper
......
Successfully installed pbr-1.10.0 six-1.10.0 stevedore-1.17.0 virtualenv-15.0.3 virtualenv-clone-0.2.6 virtualenvwrapper-4.7.1
[lucy@min bin]$ ls -l virtualenvwrapper.sh 
-rwxrwxr-x 1 lucy lucy 41384 Aug 16 22:46 virtualenvwrapper.sh

安装完成后会在当前目录下生成virtualenvwrapper.sh，在使用virtualenvwrapper时， 需要将virtualenvwrapper.sh的信息读入当前的shell环境。

5、配置lucy用户的.bashrc文件。

[lucy@min ~]$ vim .bashrc
# 在脚本的最后添加如下语句
if [ -f /home/lucheng/python352/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh ]; then
    export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
    source /home/lucy/python352/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
fi

添加完之后记得重新加载.bashrc配置文件。

[lucy@min ~]$ source .bashrc
/usr/bin/python: No module named virtualenvwrapper
virtualenvwrapper.sh: There was a problem running the initialization hooks. 

If Python could not import the module virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader,
check that virtualenvwrapper has been installed for
VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python and that PATH is
set properly.

提示没有正确设置VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON环境变量的值，需要在.bashrc配置文件中添加VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON的值：

if [ -f /home/lucy/python352/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh ]; then
    export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
    export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=$HOME/python352/bin/python3
    source /home/lucy/python352/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
fi

再重新加载.bashrc配置文件即可。

6、使用mkvirtualenv创建工作空间。

[lucy@min ~]$ mkvirtualenv --python=/home/lucy/python352/bin/python3 lucy-python3

which: no virtualenv in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/lucy/.local/bin:/home/lucy/bin)
ERROR: virtualenvwrapper could not find virtualenv in your path

提示报错：virtualenvwrapper在$PATH中找不到virtualenv，只需要把刚刚安装的/home/lucy/python352/bin添加到$PATH中即可。

[lucy@min ~]$ vim .bash_profile 
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin:$HOME/python352/bin

[lucy@min ~]$ source .bash_profile 

[lucy@min ~]$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/lucy/.local/bin:/home/lucy/bin:/home/lucy/.local/bin:/home/lucy/bin:/home/lucy/python352/bin

[lucy@min ~]$ mkvirtualenv --python=/home/lucy/python352/bin/python3 lucy-python3

Running virtualenv with interpreter /home/lucy/python352/bin/python3
Using base prefix '/home/lucy/python352'
New python executable in /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/python3
Also creating executable in /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/lucy/.virtualenvs/lucy-python3/bin/get_env_details

(lucy-python3) [lucy@min ~]$ python
Python 3.5.2 (default, Aug 16 2016, 22:07:02) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-4)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

可以看到，mkvirtualenvwrapper创建完工作空间后会直接跳到工作空间中，若是想退出工作空间，可使用deactivate命令。

(lucy-python3) [lucy@min ~]$ deactivate
[lucy@min ~]$

当需要编程时，便又需进入工作空间，可使用workon命令进入某个工作空间。

[lucy@min ~]$ workon lucy-python3
(lucy-python3) [lucy@min ~]$

进入工作空间后，便可以随便安装包，在工作空间中安装的包并不会对系统有任何影响，换句话说，安装的包只在工作空间内可用，若是退出了工作空间，便无法使用了。

有时想要查看到底安装了哪些包，可以使用pip list命令进行查看。

(lucy-python3) [lucy@min ~]$ pip list
pip (8.1.2)
setuptools (25.2.0)
wheel (0.29.0)