上文中,提到了三种屈服条件:1. Tresca屈服条件(即第三强度理论),2. Mises屈服条件(即第四强度理论),3. 最大偏应力屈服条件(即第一强度理论的修正版),那么这三种屈服条件哪个更能贴近物理实际呢?历史上,有两个著名的验证屈服条件的试验,具体如下。
3.7 屈服条件的实验验证一:薄圆管受拉力和内压的联合作用(Lode,1926年)
试验的示意图如下图7所示,薄壁圆管的半径为 R R R,壁厚为 h h h,并且 h ≪ R h\ll R h≪R(至多1/20),其中薄壁圆管受内压 p p p和端面拉力T的联合作用,那么,取薄壁微元做应力分析如图8。
图
7
试验示意图
图7\quad试验示意图
图7试验示意图
图
8
薄壁微元示意图
图8\quad薄壁微元示意图
图8薄壁微元示意图
由于薄壁圆管内外表面是自由表面,所以
τ
r
z
=
τ
r
θ
=
0
\tau_{rz}=\tau_{r\theta}=0
τrz=τrθ=0。
极坐标系下的圆筒平衡方程如下式
∂
σ
r
∂
r
+
1
r
∂
τ
r
θ
∂
θ
+
σ
r
−
σ
θ
r
+
f
r
=
0
1
r
∂
σ
θ
∂
θ
+
∂
τ
r
θ
∂
r
+
2
τ
r
θ
r
+
f
θ
=
0
(40)
\begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial\sigma_r}{\partial r}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\tau_{r\theta}}{\partial\theta}+\frac{\sigma_r-\sigma_{\theta}}{r}+f_{r}=0\\ &\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\sigma_{\theta}}{\partial \theta}+\frac{\partial\tau_{r\theta}}{\partial r}+\frac{2\tau_{r\theta}}{r}+f_{{\theta}}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{40}
∂r∂σr+r1∂θ∂τrθ+rσr−σθ+fr=0r1∂θ∂σθ+∂r∂τrθ+r2τrθ+fθ=0(40)
当体力为零时,用应力函数
ϕ
\phi
ϕ表示的应力
σ
r
=
1
r
∂
ϕ
∂
r
+
1
r
2
∂
2
ϕ
∂
θ
2
σ
θ
=
∂
2
ϕ
∂
r
2
τ
r
θ
=
−
∂
∂
r
(
1
r
∂
ϕ
∂
θ
)
=
1
r
2
∂
ϕ
∂
θ
−
1
r
∂
2
ϕ
∂
r
θ
(41)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_r=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial r}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial {\theta}^2}\\ &\sigma_{\theta}=\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial r^2}\\ &\tau_{r\theta}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(\frac{1}{ r}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \theta })=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial \theta}-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial r\theta} \end{aligned}\tag{41}
σr=r1∂r∂ϕ+r21∂θ2∂2ϕσθ=∂r2∂2ϕτrθ=−∂r∂(r1∂θ∂ϕ)=r21∂θ∂ϕ−r1∂rθ∂2ϕ(41)
应力相容方程:
(
∂
2
∂
r
2
+
1
r
∂
∂
r
+
1
r
2
∂
2
∂
θ
2
)
2
ϕ
=
0
(42)
(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{ r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\frac{1}{ r^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial {\theta}^2})^2\phi=0\tag{42}
(∂r2∂2+r1∂r∂+r21∂θ2∂2)2ϕ=0(42)
在本试验中,结构和载荷都是轴对称的,因此应力函数
ϕ
\phi
ϕ只是径向坐标
r
r
r的函数,因此式(41)变为
σ
r
=
1
r
∂
ϕ
∂
r
σ
θ
=
∂
2
ϕ
∂
r
2
τ
r
θ
=
0
(43)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_r=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial r}\\ &\sigma_{\theta}=\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial r^2}\\ &\tau_{r\theta}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{43}
σr=r1∂r∂ϕσθ=∂r2∂2ϕτrθ=0(43)
同时式(42)变为
(
∂
2
∂
r
2
+
1
r
∂
∂
r
)
2
ϕ
=
0
(44)
(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{ r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r})^2\phi=0\tag{44}
(∂r2∂2+r1∂r∂)2ϕ=0(44)
上式为四节常微分方程,通解为
ϕ
=
A
ln
r
+
B
r
2
ln
r
+
C
r
2
+
D
(45)
\phi=A\ln r+Br^2\ln r+Cr^2+D\tag{45}
ϕ=Alnr+Br2lnr+Cr2+D(45)
应力分量即为
σ
r
=
A
r
2
+
B
(
1
+
2
ln
r
)
+
2
C
σ
θ
=
−
A
r
2
+
B
(
3
+
2
ln
r
)
+
2
C
τ
r
θ
=
0
(46)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_r=\frac{A}{r^2}+B(1+2\ln r)+2C\\ &\sigma_{\theta}=-\frac{A}{r^2}+B(3+2\ln r)+2C\\ &\tau_{r\theta}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{46}
σr=r2A+B(1+2lnr)+2Cσθ=−r2A+B(3+2lnr)+2Cτrθ=0(46)
极坐标下的几何方程和物理方程为
几何方程:
ε
r
=
∂
u
r
∂
r
ε
θ
=
u
r
r
+
1
r
∂
u
θ
∂
θ
γ
r
θ
=
1
r
∂
u
r
∂
θ
+
∂
u
θ
∂
r
−
u
θ
r
(47)
几何方程:\begin{aligned} &\varepsilon_r=\frac{\partial u_r}{\partial r}\\ &\varepsilon_{\theta}=\frac{u_r}{r}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u_\theta}{\partial \theta}\\ &\gamma_{r\theta}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u_r}{\partial \theta}+\frac{\partial u_\theta}{\partial r}-\frac{u_\theta}{ r} \end{aligned}\tag{47}
几何方程:εr=∂r∂urεθ=rur+r1∂θ∂uθγrθ=r1∂θ∂ur+∂r∂uθ−ruθ(47)
物理方程: ε r = 1 E ( σ r − μ σ θ ) ε θ = 1 E ( σ θ − μ σ r ) γ r θ = 2 ( 1 + μ ) E τ r θ (48) 物理方程:\begin{aligned} &\varepsilon_r= \frac{1}{E}(\sigma_r-\mu\sigma_\theta) \\ &\varepsilon_{\theta}= \frac{1}{E}(\sigma_\theta-\mu\sigma_r) \\ &\gamma_{r\theta}=\frac{2(1+\mu)}{E}\tau_{r\theta} \end{aligned}\tag{48} 物理方程:εr=E1(σr−μσθ)εθ=E1(σθ−μσr)γrθ=E2(1+μ)τrθ(48)
并且联立几何方程和物理方程,可得位移分量的形式解:
u
r
=
1
E
[
−
A
r
(
1
+
μ
)
+
2
(
1
−
m
u
)
B
r
(
ln
r
−
1
)
+
(
1
−
3
μ
)
B
r
+
2
C
r
(
1
−
μ
)
]
+
I
cos
θ
+
K
sin
θ
u
θ
=
4
B
r
θ
E
+
H
r
−
I
sin
θ
+
K
cos
θ
(49)
\begin{aligned} u_r&=\frac{1}{E}[-\frac{A}{r}(1+\mu) +2(1-mu)Br(\ln r-1)+(1-3\mu)Br+2Cr(1-\mu) ]+I\cos\theta+K\sin\theta \\ u_\theta&=\frac{4Br\theta}{E}+Hr-I\sin\theta+K\cos\theta \end{aligned}\tag{49}
uruθ=E1[−rA(1+μ)+2(1−mu)Br(lnr−1)+(1−3μ)Br+2Cr(1−μ)]+Icosθ+Ksinθ=E4Brθ+Hr−Isinθ+Kcosθ(49)
由位移的单值条件,有
u
0
=
u
2
π
=
0
→
4
B
r
(
0
−
2
π
)
E
=
0
(50)
\begin{aligned} u_0=u_{2\pi}=0\rightarrow\frac{4Br(0-2\pi)}{E}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{50}
u0=u2π=0→E4Br(0−2π)=0(50)
那么
B
=
0
B=0
B=0。
应力边界条件为
(
σ
r
)
r
=
R
=
−
p
,
(
σ
r
)
r
=
R
+
h
=
0
(51)
\begin{aligned} (\sigma_r)_{r=R}=-p,(\sigma_r)_{r=R+h}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{51}
(σr)r=R=−p,(σr)r=R+h=0(51)
不难求得
σ
r
=
−
R
2
r
2
−
1
(
R
+
h
)
2
R
2
−
1
p
,
σ
θ
=
R
2
r
2
+
1
(
R
+
h
)
2
R
2
−
1
p
(52)
\sigma_r=-\frac{\frac{R^2}{r^2}-1}{\frac{(R+h)^2}{R^2}-1}p,\sigma_\theta=\frac{\frac{R^2}{r^2}+1}{\frac{(R+h)^2}{R^2}-1}p\tag{52}
σr=−R2(R+h)2−1r2R2−1p,σθ=R2(R+h)2−1r2R2+1p(52)
我们来看
σ
r
、
σ
θ
\sigma_r、\sigma_\theta
σr、σθ两者的大小对比
∣
σ
θ
σ
r
∣
=
R
2
r
2
+
1
(
R
+
h
)
2
R
2
−
1
⋅
(
R
+
h
)
2
R
2
−
1
R
2
r
2
−
1
=
R
2
r
2
+
1
1
−
R
2
r
2
=
R
2
+
r
2
r
2
−
R
2
=
1
+
(
1
+
α
)
2
(
1
+
α
)
2
−
1
=
2
+
2
α
+
α
2
2
α
+
α
2
≈
2
+
2
α
2
α
=
1
+
1
α
(53)
\begin{aligned} |\frac{\sigma_\theta}{\sigma_r}|&=\frac{\frac{R^2}{r^2}+1}{\frac{(R+h)^2}{R^2}-1}\cdot \frac{\frac{(R+h)^2}{R^2}-1}{\frac{R^2}{r^2}-1}\\ &=\frac{\frac{R^2}{r^2}+1}{1-\frac{R^2}{r^2}}\\ &=\frac{{R^2}+{r^2}}{{r^2}-{R^2}}=\frac{1+(1+\alpha)^2}{(1+\alpha)^2-1}=\frac{2+2\alpha+\alpha^2}{2\alpha+\alpha^2}\approx\frac{2+2\alpha}{2\alpha}=1+\frac{1}{\alpha} \end{aligned}\tag{53}
∣σrσθ∣=R2(R+h)2−1r2R2+1⋅r2R2−1R2(R+h)2−1=1−r2R2r2R2+1=r2−R2R2+r2=(1+α)2−11+(1+α)2=2α+α22+2α+α2≈2α2+2α=1+α1(53)
α
≪
1
\alpha\ll1
α≪1,因此可以认为
σ
r
≈
0
\sigma_r\approx0
σr≈0
σ θ = R 2 r 2 + 1 ( R + h ) 2 R 2 − 1 p = R 2 ( R 2 r 2 + 1 ) 2 R h + h 2 p = R 2 ( R 2 ( 1 + α ) 2 R 2 + 1 ) 2 R ⋅ β R + ( β R ) 2 p = 1 ( 1 + α ) 2 + 1 2 β + β 2 p ≈ 1 β p = R h p (54) \begin{aligned} \sigma_\theta&=\frac{\frac{R^2}{r^2}+1}{\frac{(R+h)^2}{R^2}-1}p\\ &=\frac{R^2(\frac{R^2}{r^2}+1)}{2Rh+h^2}p\\ &=\frac{R^2(\frac{R^2}{(1+\alpha)^2R^2}+1)}{2R\cdot\beta R+(\beta R)^2}p\\ &=\frac{\frac{1}{(1+\alpha)^2}+1}{2\beta +\beta ^2}p\\ &\approx\frac{1}{\beta}p=\frac{R}{h}p \end{aligned}\tag{54} σθ=R2(R+h)2−1r2R2+1p=2Rh+h2R2(r2R2+1)p=2R⋅βR+(βR)2R2((1+α)2R2R2+1)p=2β+β2(1+α)21+1p≈β1p=hRp(54)
同时,薄壁圆管端面受拉力T,那么根据力平衡可得
σ
z
⋅
[
π
(
R
+
h
)
2
−
π
R
2
]
=
σ
z
⋅
(
2
π
R
h
+
π
h
2
)
≈
σ
z
⋅
2
π
R
h
=
T
(55)
\sigma_z\cdot[\pi(R+h)^2-\pi R^2]=\sigma_z\cdot(2\pi Rh+\pi h^2)\approx\sigma_z\cdot 2\pi Rh=T\tag{55}
σz⋅[π(R+h)2−πR2]=σz⋅(2πRh+πh2)≈σz⋅2πRh=T(55)
因此
σ
θ
≈
P
R
h
σ
z
≈
T
2
π
R
h
(56)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_{\theta}\approx\frac{PR}{h}\\ &\sigma_z\approx\frac{T}{2\pi Rh} \end{aligned}\tag{56}
σθ≈hPRσz≈2πRhT(56)
假设载荷
p
p
p和T满足
σ
θ
≥
σ
z
≥
σ
r
\sigma_\theta\ge\sigma_z\ge\sigma_r
σθ≥σz≥σr,则主应力为
σ
1
=
σ
θ
,
σ
2
=
σ
z
,
σ
3
=
σ
r
=
0
(57)
\sigma_1=\sigma_\theta,\sigma_2=\sigma_z,\sigma_3=\sigma_r=0\tag{57}
σ1=σθ,σ2=σz,σ3=σr=0(57)
则有
μ
σ
=
2
σ
2
−
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
1
−
σ
3
=
T
−
π
R
2
p
π
R
2
p
(58)
\mu_\sigma=\frac{2\sigma_2-\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}=\frac{T-\pi R^2p}{\pi R^2p}\tag{58}
μσ=σ1−σ32σ2−σ1−σ3=πR2pT−πR2p(58)
当T=0时,
μ
σ
=
−
1
\mu_\sigma=-1
μσ=−1,此时
θ
σ
=
−
3
0
。
\theta_\sigma=-30^。
θσ=−30。,此时即为下图红圈,对应的就是材料的单向拉伸试验。
当
T
=
π
R
2
p
T=\pi R^2p
T=πR2p时,
μ
σ
=
0
\mu_\sigma=0
μσ=0,此时
θ
σ
=
0
。
\theta_\sigma=0^。
θσ=0。,此时即为下图x轴与屈服截面曲线的交点(绿色圈代表此时三种屈服条件)。
此时,
σ
θ
=
p
R
h
,
σ
z
=
p
R
2
h
,
σ
r
=
0
\sigma_\theta=\frac{pR}{h},\sigma_z=\frac{pR}{2h},\sigma_r=0
σθ=hpR,σz=2hpR,σr=0,如果减去静水应力
p
R
2
h
\frac{pR}{2h}
2hpR,那么
σ
θ
=
p
R
2
h
,
σ
z
=
0
,
σ
r
=
−
p
R
2
h
\sigma_\theta=\frac{pR}{2h},\sigma_z=0,\sigma_r=-\frac{pR}{2h}
σθ=2hpR,σz=0,σr=−2hpR,此时对应的就是材料的纯剪切试验。
当 T = 2 π R 2 p T=2\pi R^2p T=2πR2p时, μ σ = 1 \mu_\sigma=1 μσ=1,此时 θ σ = 3 0 。 \theta_\sigma=30^。 θσ=30。此时即为下图黄圈,对应的就是材料的单向压缩试验。
因此只要载荷满足
0
≤
T
≤
2
π
R
2
p
0\le T\le 2\pi R^2p
0≤T≤2πR2p的范围内改变T和p,就可以得到
−
3
0
。
∼
3
0
。
-30^。\sim30^。
−30。∼30。的屈服曲线。
图
9
三种屈服条件
图9\quad三种屈服条件
图9三种屈服条件
Lode曾对铁、铜等材料进行了一系列试验,现在来对比三个屈服条件和试验的符合程度。
不失一般性,假设
σ
1
≥
σ
2
≥
σ
3
\sigma_1\ge\sigma_2\ge\sigma_3
σ1≥σ2≥σ3,那么对于Tresca屈服条件,有
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
s
=
1
(59)
\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_s}=1\tag{59}
σsσ1−σ3=1(59)
对于Mises屈服条件
f
(
σ
i
j
)
=
J
2
−
k
2
2
=
1
3
σ
s
2
−
k
2
2
=
0
f(\sigma_{ij})=J_2-k_2^2=\frac{1}{3}\sigma_s^2-k_2^2=0
f(σij)=J2−k22=31σs2−k22=0
σ
s
=
3
k
2
=
3
J
2
=
3
⋅
r
σ
2
=
3
2
r
σ
=
3
2
x
2
+
y
2
(60)
\sigma_s=\sqrt3k_2=\sqrt3\sqrt{J_2}=\sqrt3\cdot\frac{r_\sigma}{\sqrt2}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}r_\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\tag{60}
σs=3k2=3J2=3⋅2rσ=23rσ=23x2+y2(60)
其中x、y详见上章节
σ
s
=
3
2
x
2
+
y
2
=
3
2
x
1
+
(
y
x
)
2
=
3
2
⋅
σ
1
−
σ
3
2
⋅
1
+
(
μ
σ
3
)
2
\sigma_s=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}x\sqrt{1+(\frac{y}{x})^2}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\cdot\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sqrt2}\cdot\sqrt{1+(\frac{\mu_\sigma}{\sqrt3})^2}
σs=23x2+y2=23x1+(xy)2=23⋅2σ1−σ3⋅1+(3μσ)2
那么
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
s
=
2
3
⋅
1
1
+
(
μ
σ
3
)
=
2
3
+
μ
σ
2
(61)
\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{2}{\sqrt3}\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+(\frac{\mu_\sigma}{\sqrt3})}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3+\mu_\sigma^2}}\tag{61}
σsσ1−σ3=32⋅1+(3μσ)1=3+μσ22(61)
最后来看最大偏应力屈服条件,由假设
σ
1
≥
σ
2
≥
σ
3
\sigma_1\ge\sigma_2\ge\sigma_3
σ1≥σ2≥σ3,可得
s
1
≥
s
2
≥
s
3
s_1\ge s_2\ge s_3
s1≥s2≥s3,所以
μ
σ
=
2
σ
2
−
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
1
−
σ
3
=
3
s
2
s
1
−
s
3
=
−
3
(
s
1
+
s
3
)
s
1
−
s
3
(62)
\mu_\sigma=\frac{2\sigma_2-\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}=\frac{3s_2}{s_1-s_3}=\frac{-3(s_1+s_3)}{s_1-s_3}\tag{62}
μσ=σ1−σ32σ2−σ1−σ3=s1−s33s2=s1−s3−3(s1+s3)(62)
由上式可以求出
s
1
s
3
=
μ
σ
−
3
μ
σ
+
3
(63)
\frac{s_1}{s_3}=\frac{\mu_\sigma-3}{\mu_\sigma+3}\tag{63}
s3s1=μσ+3μσ−3(63)
上一节内容中以及得到以下结论
s
1
=
2
3
σ
s
,
−
1
≤
μ
σ
≤
0
s
3
=
−
2
3
σ
s
,
0
≤
μ
σ
≤
1
s_1=\frac{2}{3}\sigma_s,-1\le\mu_\sigma\le0\\ s_3=-\frac{2}{3}\sigma_s,0\le\mu_\sigma\le1
s1=32σs,−1≤μσ≤0s3=−32σs,0≤μσ≤1
在
−
1
≤
μ
σ
≤
0
-1\le\mu_\sigma\le0
−1≤μσ≤0时,
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
s
=
s
1
−
s
3
σ
s
=
s
1
σ
s
(
1
−
s
3
s
1
)
=
s
1
σ
s
(
1
−
μ
σ
+
3
μ
σ
−
3
)
=
4
3
−
μ
σ
(64)
\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{s_1-s_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{s_1}{\sigma_s}(1-\frac{s_3}{s_1})=\frac{s_1}{\sigma_s}(1-\frac{\mu_\sigma+3}{\mu_\sigma-3})=\frac{4}{3-\mu_\sigma}\tag{64}
σsσ1−σ3=σss1−s3=σss1(1−s1s3)=σss1(1−μσ−3μσ+3)=3−μσ4(64)
在
0
≤
μ
σ
≤
1
0\le\mu_\sigma\le1
0≤μσ≤1时,
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
s
=
s
1
−
s
3
σ
s
=
s
3
σ
s
(
s
1
s
3
−
1
)
=
s
3
σ
s
(
μ
σ
−
3
μ
σ
+
3
−
1
)
=
4
3
+
μ
σ
(65)
\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{s_1-s_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{s_3}{\sigma_s}(\frac{s_1}{s_3}-1)=\frac{s_3}{\sigma_s}(\frac{\mu_\sigma-3}{\mu_\sigma+3}-1)=\frac{4}{3+\mu_\sigma}\tag{65}
σsσ1−σ3=σss1−s3=σss3(s3s1−1)=σss3(μσ+3μσ−3−1)=3+μσ4(65)
那么,在
−
1
≤
μ
σ
≤
1
-1\le\mu_\sigma\le1
−1≤μσ≤1时,
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
s
=
4
3
+
∣
μ
σ
∣
(66)
\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_s}=\frac{4}{3+|\mu_\sigma|}\tag{66}
σsσ1−σ3=3+∣μσ∣4(66)
图
10
实验结果以及三种屈服条件
图10\quad实验结果以及三种屈服条件
图10实验结果以及三种屈服条件
将试验结果以及三种屈服条件绘制在一张图,如上图,不难发现实验结果更接近Mises屈服条件。同时可以发现所有结果都在Tresca屈服条件和最大偏应力条件中间,即Tresca屈服条件为下届,最大偏应力条件为上届。
3.8 屈服条件的实验验证二:薄圆管受拉力和扭矩的联合作用(Taylor-Quinney,1931)
试验的示意图如下图11所示,薄壁圆管的半径为
R
R
R,壁厚为
h
h
h,并且
h
≪
R
h\ll R
h≪R(至多1/20),其中薄壁圆管受端面拉力T和扭矩M的联合作用。
图
11
试验示意图
图11\quad试验示意图
图11试验示意图
对薄圆管在扭矩作用下进行的截面受力分析,示意图如下图12,那么不难得出
∫
0
A
τ
z
⋅
d
A
⋅
R
=
∫
0
2
π
τ
z
R
⋅
(
R
+
h
)
2
−
R
2
2
⋅
d
θ
=
τ
z
π
R
⋅
(
(
R
+
h
)
2
−
R
2
)
=
M
(67)
\int_{0}^{A}\tau_z\cdot dA\cdot R=\int_{0}^{2\pi}\tau_zR\cdot \frac{(R+h)^2-R^2}{2}\cdot d\theta=\tau_z\pi R\cdot ((R+h)^2-R^2)=M\tag{67}
∫0Aτz⋅dA⋅R=∫02πτzR⋅2(R+h)2−R2⋅dθ=τzπR⋅((R+h)2−R2)=M(67)
由薄圆管的
h
≪
R
h\ll R
h≪R(至多1/20),可得
τ
z
=
M
π
R
⋅
(
(
R
+
h
)
2
−
R
2
)
=
M
π
R
⋅
(
2
R
h
+
h
2
)
≈
M
2
π
R
2
h
(68)
\tau_z=\frac{M}{\pi R\cdot((R+h)^2-R^2)}=\frac{M}{\pi R\cdot(2Rh+h^2)}\approx\frac{M}{2\pi R^2h}\tag{68}
τz=πR⋅((R+h)2−R2)M=πR⋅(2Rh+h2)M≈2πR2hM(68)
图
12
受力分析示意图
图12\quad受力分析示意图
图12受力分析示意图
薄壁圆管端面受拉力T,上文中已得到
σ
z
⋅
[
π
(
R
+
h
)
2
−
π
R
2
]
=
σ
z
⋅
(
2
π
R
h
+
π
h
2
)
≈
σ
z
⋅
2
π
R
h
=
T
\sigma_z\cdot[\pi(R+h)^2-\pi R^2]=\sigma_z\cdot(2\pi Rh+\pi h^2)\approx\sigma_z\cdot 2\pi Rh=T
σz⋅[π(R+h)2−πR2]=σz⋅(2πRh+πh2)≈σz⋅2πRh=T
因此,在拉力T和扭矩M作用下,应力分量为
σ
θ
z
≈
M
2
π
R
2
h
σ
z
≈
T
2
π
R
h
(69)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_{\theta z}\approx\frac{M}{2\pi R^2h}\\ &\sigma_z\approx\frac{T}{2\pi Rh} \end{aligned}\tag{69}
σθz≈2πR2hMσz≈2πRhT(69)
其应力张量近似为
[
0
0
0
0
0
σ
θ
z
0
σ
θ
z
σ
z
]
(70)
\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{\theta z} \\0 & \sigma_{\theta z} & \sigma_z \end{bmatrix}\tag{70}
00000σθz0σθzσz
(70)
那么其主应力为
σ
1
=
σ
z
2
+
1
2
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
σ
2
=
0
σ
3
=
σ
z
2
−
1
2
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
(71)
\begin{aligned} &\sigma_1=\frac{\sigma_z}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2}\\ &\sigma_2=0\\ &\sigma_3=\frac{\sigma_z}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2} \end{aligned}\tag{71}
σ1=2σz+21σz2+4σθz2σ2=0σ3=2σz−21σz2+4σθz2(71)
那么Lode参数为
μ
σ
=
2
σ
2
−
σ
1
−
σ
3
σ
1
−
σ
3
=
−
σ
z
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
=
−
T
T
2
+
4
M
2
/
R
2
(72)
\mu_\sigma=\frac{2\sigma_2-\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}=\frac{-\sigma_z}{\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2}}=\frac{-T}{\sqrt{T^2+4M^2/R^2}}\tag{72}
μσ=σ1−σ32σ2−σ1−σ3=σz2+4σθz2−σz=T2+4M2/R2−T(72)
当
M
=
0
M=0
M=0,
T
>
0
T\gt0
T>0时,这对应简单拉伸实验,此时
μ
σ
=
−
1
\mu_\sigma=-1
μσ=−1。
当
T
=
0
T=0
T=0,
M
≠
0
M\neq0
M=0时,这对应纯剪切实验,此时
μ
σ
=
0
\mu_\sigma=0
μσ=0。
改变T和M的比值,便可得到
−
1
≤
μ
σ
≤
0
-1\le\mu_\sigma\le0
−1≤μσ≤0的各种应力状态。
Tresca屈服条件为
τ
m
a
x
=
σ
1
−
σ
3
2
=
1
2
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
=
σ
s
2
(73)
\tau_{max}=\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{2}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2}=\frac{\sigma_s}{2}\tag{73}
τmax=2σ1−σ3=21σz2+4σθz2=2σs(73)
上式可变换成
(
σ
z
σ
s
)
2
+
4
(
σ
θ
z
σ
s
)
2
=
1
(74)
(\frac{\sigma_z}{\sigma_s})^2+4(\frac{\sigma_{\theta z}}{\sigma_s})^2=1\tag{74}
(σsσz)2+4(σsσθz)2=1(74)
Mises屈服条件为
J
2
−
σ
s
2
3
=
1
6
[
(
σ
1
−
σ
2
)
2
+
(
σ
1
−
σ
3
)
2
+
(
σ
2
−
σ
3
)
2
]
−
σ
s
2
3
=
0
(75)
J_2-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}=\frac{1}{6}[(\sigma_1-\sigma_2)^2+(\sigma_1-\sigma_3)^2+(\sigma_2-\sigma_3)^2]-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}=0\tag{75}
J2−3σs2=61[(σ1−σ2)2+(σ1−σ3)2+(σ2−σ3)2]−3σs2=0(75)
将式(71)代入上式
1
6
[
(
σ
1
−
σ
2
)
2
+
(
σ
1
−
σ
3
)
2
+
(
σ
2
−
σ
3
)
2
]
−
σ
s
2
3
=
1
6
[
σ
1
2
+
(
σ
1
−
σ
3
)
2
+
σ
3
2
]
−
σ
s
2
3
=
1
6
[
2
(
σ
z
2
)
2
+
2
(
1
2
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
)
2
+
(
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
)
2
]
−
σ
s
2
3
=
1
6
(
2
σ
z
2
+
6
σ
θ
z
2
)
−
σ
s
2
3
=
0
(76)
\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{6}[(\sigma_1-\sigma_2)^2+(\sigma_1-\sigma_3)^2+(\sigma_2-\sigma_3)^2]-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}\\ =&\frac{1}{6}[\sigma_1^2+(\sigma_1-\sigma_3)^2+\sigma_3^2]-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}\\ =&\frac{1}{6}[2(\frac{\sigma_z}{2})^2+2(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2})^2+(\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2})^2]-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}\\ =&\frac{1}{6}(2\sigma_z^2+6\sigma_{\theta z}^2)-\frac{\sigma_s^2}{3}=0 \end{aligned}\tag{76}
===61[(σ1−σ2)2+(σ1−σ3)2+(σ2−σ3)2]−3σs261[σ12+(σ1−σ3)2+σ32]−3σs261[2(2σz)2+2(21σz2+4σθz2)2+(σz2+4σθz2)2]−3σs261(2σz2+6σθz2)−3σs2=0(76)
跟Tresca屈服条件一样,式(76)也可以变化为式(74)形式如下
(
σ
z
σ
s
)
2
+
3
(
σ
θ
z
σ
s
)
2
=
1
(77)
(\frac{\sigma_z}{\sigma_s})^2+3(\frac{\sigma_{\theta z}}{\sigma_s})^2=1\tag{77}
(σsσz)2+3(σsσθz)2=1(77)
最后看最大偏应力屈服条件,先看主偏应力应为
s 1 = σ z 6 + 1 2 σ z 2 + 4 σ θ z 2 s 2 = − σ z 3 s 3 = σ z 6 − 1 2 σ z 2 + 4 σ θ z 2 (78) \begin{aligned} &s_1=\frac{\sigma_z}{6}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2}\\ &s_2=-\frac{\sigma_z}{3}\\ &s_3=\frac{\sigma_z}{6}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2} \end{aligned}\tag{78} s1=6σz+21σz2+4σθz2s2=−3σzs3=6σz−21σz2+4σθz2(78)
那么最大偏应力屈服条件为
3
s
1
=
3
(
σ
z
6
+
1
2
σ
z
2
+
4
σ
θ
z
2
)
=
2
σ
s
(79)
3s_1=3(\frac{\sigma_z}{6}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\sigma_z^2+4\sigma_{\theta z}^2})=2\sigma_s \tag{79}
3s1=3(6σz+21σz2+4σθz2)=2σs(79)
同样,上式也可以化为如下形式
1
4
(
σ
z
σ
s
)
+
3
4
(
σ
z
σ
s
)
2
+
4
(
σ
θ
z
σ
s
)
2
=
1
(80)
\frac{1}{4}(\frac{\sigma_z}{\sigma_s}) +\frac{3}{4} \sqrt{(\frac{\sigma_z}{\sigma_s})^2+4(\frac{\sigma_{\theta z}}{\sigma_s})^2}=1\tag{80}
41(σsσz)+43(σsσz)2+4(σsσθz)2=1(80)
将实验结果画在一张图中,可见实验结果更接近Mises屈服条件,最大偏应力屈服条件其次。