计算机英语（第三版）Unit 8，B、C两部分的翻译

以下是计算机英语（第三版）Unit 8，B、C两部分的翻译，是自己第一篇手动翻译的完整的一份文章，来钉一下，有几处翻译得觉得不自然的地方，已经被阴影了

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Section B

A Guide to Network Topology

 

     A network topology id how computers,printer, and other devices are connected over a network .it describes thelayout of wires, devices, and routing paths. Essentially there six differentcommon topologies you should familiarize yourself with: bus, ring, star,extended star, hierarchical, and mesh.

 

Ⅰ. Bus Topology

The bus topology was fairly popular inthe early years of networking . It’s easy to set up-not to mention inexpensive.All devices on the bus topology are connected using a single cable. If you needhelp remembering how the bus topology operates, think of it as the route a bustakes throughout a city.

It is extremely important to note thatboth ends of the main cable need to be terminated. If there is no terminator,the signal will bounce back when it reaches the end. The result: a bunch ofcollisions and noise that will disrupt the entire network.

The bus topology is less common thesedays. In fact, this topology is commonly used in network computers via coaxialcable—when’s the last time you can say you have done that?

 

Ⅱ. Ring Topology

The ring topology is a veryinteresting topology indeed. It is a lot more complex than it may seem—it lookslike just a bunch of computers connected in a circle! But behind the scenes,the ring topology is providing a collision-free and redundant networkingenvironment.

  Note that since there is no end on a ring topology, no terminators arenecessary. A frame travels along the circle, stopping at each node. Ifthat node wants to transmit data, it adds destination address and datainformation to the frame. The frame then travels around the ring, searching forthe destination node. When it’s found, the data is taken out of the frame andthe circle continues.

But wait—it gets better! We have twotypes of ring topologies in networking: the one we just reviewed, and dual-ringtopology. In a dual-topology, we use two rings instead of one. This creates asense of redundancy so that if any point in the network fails, the second ringwill (hopefully) be able to pick up the slack. If both rings were to fail atseparate locations, we can even use the opposite ring at each point to “patch”the downed node.

In the diagram on the right in Figure8B-1, you can see that although the outer ring and inner ring failed atseparate parts of the network, thanks to redundancy, the network is still fullyoperational. This is generally more expensive to implement than othertopologies—so it isn’t as common as the star or extended star topology.

 

Ⅲ. Star/Extended Star Topology

       Oneof the most popular topologies for Ethernet LANs is the star and extended startopology. It is easy to set up, it’s relatively cheap, and it creates moreredundancy than the bus topology.

The star topology works by connectingeach node to a central device. This central connection allows us to have afully functioning network even when other devices fail. The only real threat tothis topology is that if the central device goes down, so does the entirenetwork.

The extended star topology is a bitmore advanced. Instead of connecting all devices to a central unit, we havesub-central devices added to the mix. This allows more functionality fororganization and subnetting—yet also created more points of failure. In manycases, it is impractical to use a star topology since networks can span anentire building. In this case, the extended star topology is all but necessaryto prevent degraded signals.

Whereas the star topology is bettersuited for small networks, the extended star topology is generally better forthe larger ones.

 

Ⅳ.Hierarchical Topology

The hierarchical topology is much likethe star topology, except that it doesn’t use a central node. Although Ciscoprefers to call this hierarchical, you may see it as instead referred to as thetree topology.

This type of topology suffers from thesame centralization flaw as the star topology. If the device that is on top ofthe chain fails, consider the entire network down. Obviously this isimpractical and not used a great deal in real applications.

 

Ⅴ.Mesh Topology

       If youhaven’t noticed, we’ve had a little problem with a full redundant network.The dual-ring topology helped, but it wasn’t perfect. If you are looking for atruly redundant network, look no further than the mesh topology. You will seetwo main types of mesh topology: full-mesh and partial-mesh.

       Thefull-mesh topology connects every single node together. This will create themost redundant and reliable network around—especially for large networks. If anylink fails, we (should) always have another link to send datathrough. So why don’t we use it more often? Simple: how many wires would ittake to link a computer to every device on a network of over 100 devices? Nowmultiply that for every device on the network—not a pleasant number is it?Obviously you should only use this in smaller networks. Alternatively, youcould try a partial-mesh topology.

The partial-mesh topology is much likethe full-mesh, only we don’t connect each device to every other device on thenetwork. Instead, we only implement a few alternate routes. After all, what arethe odds a network will fail in multiple times near the same device?

You’ll see the partial-mesh topologyin backbone environments, since these are often vital networks that depends onredundancy to keep services running (such as an Internet Service Provider). Thefull-mesh topology is commonly seen in WANs between routers, yet also onsmaller networks that depend on a redundant connection.

 

Ⅵ.Closing Comments

       Keepin mind that network topology isn’t limited to the above examples. There arehybrids and variations of the topologies mentioned above. Oddly enough, Ciscofails to categorize point-to-point topology in their course material—but don’tworry, it’s just a simple connection between two endpoints. Perhaps it wasconsidered too simple to include in the course material—either way, make sureyou commit the above topologies to memory. You’ll be expected to know them whenexam day comes—not to mention it could save you from a disorganized mess of a network!

       Anotherpoint to emphasize is that each network has a logical topology as well as aphysical topology. The physical topology and logical topology of the networkcan be same, but often they aren’t. Think of the physical topology as thenetwork layout you’d see if you looked at the physical network from outside. Tounderstand the physical topology, you completely ignore how the data travels,and focus instead on the appearance of cables, hubs, and nodes that make up thenetwork. The logical topology describes how data actually travels on thenetwork. To understand the logical topology, you need to become one with thedata traveling on the network. Pretend you are the data, and follow the path ittakes. The path you follow defines the network’s logical topology.

 

 

 

Section C

Network Connecting Devices

 

We can divide computer networks intothree broad categories: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks(MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The three network types can be connectedusing connecting devices. The interconnection of networks makes globalcommunication from one side of the world to the other possible. Connectingdevices can be divided into four types based on their functionality asrelated to the layers in the OSI model: repeaters, bridges, routers,and gateways. Repeaters and bridges typically connect devices in a network.Routers and gateways typically connect networks into internetworks (Figure8C-1).

A repeater is an electronic devicethat regenerates data. It extends the physical length of a network. As a signalis transmitted, it may lose strength, and a weak signal may be interpretederroneously by a receiver. A repeater can regenerate the signal and send it tothe rest of the network. Figure 8C-2 shows a network with and without arepeater.

Repeaters operate only in the physicallayer of the OSI model. They do not recognize physical or logical addresses.They simply regenerate every signal they receive. Repeaters , popular when thedominant topology was the bus topology, often connected two buses to increasethe length of the network.

When a network uses a bus topology,the medium is shared between all stations. In other words, when a station sendsa frame, the common bus is occupied by this one station, and no otherstation is allowed to send a frame (if it does, the two framescollide). This implies a degradation of performance. Stationsneed to wait until the bus is free. This is similar to an airport that has onlyone runway. When the runway is used by one aircraft, the other aircraft readyfor takeoff must wait.

A bridge is a traffic controller. Itcan divide a long bus into smaller segments so that each segment is independenttrafficwise. A bridge installed between two segments can pass or block framesbased on the destination address in the frame. If a frame originates in onesegment and the destination is in the same segment, there is no reason for theframe to pass the bridge and go to the other segments. The bridge uses a tableto decide if the frame needs to be forwarded to another segment. With a bridge,two or more pairs of stations can communicate at the same time (Figure 8C-3).

In addition to its traffic controllingduties, a bridge also functions as a repeater by regenerating the frame. Asdiscussed previously, this means that a bridge operates at the physical layer.But because a bridge needs to interpret the address embedded in the frame tomake filtering decisions, it also operates at the data-link layer of the OSImodel.

In recent years, the need for betterperformance has led to the design of a new device referred to as a second-layerswitch, which is simply a sophisticated bridge with multiple interfaces. Forexample, a network with 20 stations can be divided into four segments using afour-interface bridge. Or the same network can be divided into 20 segments (withone station per segment) using a 20-interface switch. A switch in this caseincreases performance; a station that needs to send a frame sends it directlyto the switch. The media are not shared; each station is directly connected tothe switch (Figure8C-4).

Routers are devices that connect LANs,MANs, and WANs. A router operates at the third layer of the OSI model. Whereasa bridge filters a frame based on the physical (data-link layer) address of theframe, a router routes a packet based on the logical (network layer) address ofthe packet.

Whereas a bridge may connect twosegments of a LAN or two LANs belonging to the same organization, a router canconnect two independent networks: a LAN to a WAN, a LAN to a MAN, a WAN toanother WAN, and so on. The result is an internetwork (or a internet). TheInternet (the unique global internet) that connects the whole world together isan example of an internetwork where many networks are connected togetherthrough routers. Figure 8C-5 shows an example of an internetwork.

Traditionally, a gateway is aconnecting device that act as a protocol converter. It allows two networks,each with a different set of protocols for all seven OSI layers, to beconnected to each other and communicate. A gateway is usually a computerinstalled with the necessary software. The gateway understands the protocolsused by each connected network and is therefore able to translate from one toanother. For example, a gateway can connect a network using the AppleTalkprotocol to a network using the Novell Netware protocol.

Today, however, the termgateway is used interchangeably with the term router. Some peoplerefer to a gateway as a router, and others refer to a router as a gateway. Thedistinction between the two terms is disappearing.

Figure8C-6 presents the relationshipbetween the connecting devices and the OSI model.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

第二部分   网络拓扑指导

 

网络拓扑就是众多的电脑，打印机和其他设备怎样在在一个网络上连接。它描述了线，设备和路由选择通路的布局。从本质上来讲你自己需要熟悉已下六种不同的常见的拓扑结构：总线拓扑结构，环型拓扑结构，星型拓扑结构，扩展星型拓扑结构，分层拓扑结构，网状拓扑结构。

 

Ⅰ.总线拓扑结构

总线型拓扑结构在早期的网络中是相当受欢迎的。总线型拓扑结构很经济而且容易建立。总线拓扑中的众多设备通过使用一根单芯电缆被连接起来，如果你需要点什么来帮助你记忆总线型拓扑结构是怎么运作的，就别把它想象成一辆公交车穿过整个城市的路线。

非常重要的一点是要注意主缆的两端是要被终结的。如果没有终结器，信号到达尾端的时候会再反弹回来。结果就是：一束碰撞和噪音会扰乱整个网络。

总线型拓扑结构现在已经没有那么常见了。事实上这种拓扑结构普遍用于通过同轴电缆的网络计算机——你能说出你最后一次做同轴电缆上的计算机的实验是什么时候呢？

 

Ⅱ.环型拓扑结构

环型拓扑结构确实是非常有趣的拓扑结构。它比它看起来要复杂一点——他看起来就像一堆计算机连成一个圆！但是，在幕后，环型拓扑结构却提供着一个无冲突的冗余联网环境。

注意到，因为在环型拓扑结构上没有真正意义上的尽头，终结器也就没有存在的必要了。一个帧沿着圆前进，（travel这个词可能译得不是很准确）它可以停在每一个节点上。如果每个节点想要传输数据，它就会在帧上添加目的地址和数据信息。然后这个帧就继续在圆上遍历寻找目的节点。一旦找到目的节点数据被节点从帧上面取出，然后这个帧继续新的遍历。

但是等等——环型拓扑结构可以变得更好！在计算机网络的设计中有两种环形拓扑结构：一种我们刚刚已经知道了，另一种是双环型拓扑结构。在双环型拓扑结构中，我们用两个环代替一个。这在一定意义上产生了冗余，因此，如果网络中的任何点失灵，第二个环被期待能予以弥补。如果两个环分别在不同的点失灵，我们甚至可以在每个点使用对面的环拉来“修补”发生故障的节点。

在图8B-1中右面的图中，你会发现尽管外面的环和内部的环分别在不同的地方失灵，由于冗余，这个网络依然可以全面运作。通常来说它比其他的拓扑结构实现起来更昂贵——所以它不像星型和扩展星型拓扑结构那么常用。

Ⅲ星型和扩展星型拓扑结构

以太局域网最常用的一种拓扑结构之一就是星型和扩展星型拓扑结构，星型和扩展星型拓扑结构容易建立，它相对来说便宜而且比总线型拓扑结构创造更多的冗余。

星型拓扑结构的工作原理是把每个点都连接在中央设备上。这个中央连接器使我们在其他设备不能工作时仍然有一个有完整功能的网络。这种拓扑结构唯一的威胁就是如果中央设备罢工了整个网络就不能用了。

扩展性型拓扑结构有了一点优化我们在组织中加入分中心设备代替原来的只有一个中心设备。这就在网络的组织与子网划分方面提供了更多的功能——但也造成了更多的故障点。在这种情况下，为防止信号衰减，扩展性型拓扑结构几乎是必须的。

然而星型拓扑结构更适合小型网络，扩展性型拓扑结构通常来说更适合大型的网络。

 

Ⅳ分层拓扑结构

分层拓扑结构和星型拓扑结构很相像除了他没有使用一个中央点，尽管思科（思科系统有限公司）更喜欢叫它分层拓扑结构，代替地，你可以把它看做是树型拓扑结构。

和星型拓扑结构一样，这种拓扑结构也有因为集中化产生的缺陷。如果在整条链路最顶端的设备坏掉了整个网络就瘫痪了。很明显这是不适合实际工作的并且在实际应用中用的不多。

V．网状拓扑结构

你一定有注意过，我们在建立完全冗余的网络上遇到了一些问题，双环拓扑结构完善了一些问题，但是它还不完美。如果你在寻找一个真正的完全冗余网络，没有比网状拓扑结构更好的了。接下来会向大家介绍两种主要的网状拓扑结构：全网拓扑和部分网状拓扑。

全网型拓扑结构将每两个点都连接起来，这就将创造出最大程度的冗余和可信赖的网络——尤其是对于大型网络而言。如果任何一个连接失败，我们总是有另外一条链路把数据传递过去。但是为什么我们不更加广泛的使用它呢？答案很简单：把计算机连接到一个拥有超过100个设备的每一个设备上需要多少电线？现在把这样的计算推到网络上的每一个设备上——这不是一个乐观的数字不是吗？显然你只能把全网拓扑结构用于更小的网络。或者，也许你可以试试部分网状拓扑结构。

部分网状拓扑结构和全网拓扑结构很相像，只是我们不再把一个设备和其他的每一个设备相连接。代替地，我们选几个路径来连接。毕竟，一个网络在同一个设备附近多次出现故障的可能性能有多大呢？

你会看到因为主干网环境都是很重要的网络，它们依靠冗余是设备正常运行（就像互联网服务提供商）。全网状拓扑结构主要是在路由器之间的广域网上比较常见，还有就是用于小一点的依靠冗余连接的网络。

Ⅵ. 总结

记住网络拓扑结构不是仅仅局限于以上提到的几种，还有许多以上提到的几种拓扑结构的变形和混合的形式。很奇怪的是，思科公司没有把点对点拓扑结构归类进他们的课程材料——不过别担心，那仅仅是一个在两个端点之间的简单连接。或许他们（思科公司）觉得它太简单了所以没有把它写进课程材料——这些都无所谓了，但是你要保证你要记住上面的这些拓扑结构。当测验那天来临时你被期待能够了解他们——不用说它可以把你从看上去杂乱无章的网络中解救出来!

另外要强调的一点是每个网络有一个逻辑拓扑结构和一个物理拓扑结构。逻辑拓扑结构和物理拓扑结构可能是一样的，但是通常他们不一样。如果你从外部看这个物理拓扑结构的话你可以把物理拓扑结构看做是网络的布局。要想去理解物理拓扑结构，你要完全忽略掉数据是怎么被传输（或者前进）的，然后去注意用来组成网络的那些电缆，集线器和结点是怎样组合在一起的。逻辑拓扑结构描述数据到底是怎么在网络中传输的。要理解逻辑拓扑结构，你需要与在网络中传输的数据在一起。假装你就是数据，然后跟随它应该走的路径。你跟随着走的这条路径定义了这个网络的逻辑电路。

 

 

 

第三部分    网络连接设备

 

我们可以把计算机网络分类成三块：局域网，城域网和广域网。这三种网络类型可以通过连接设备连接起来。网络互联使得从世界的一端到另一端的全球通信成为可能。基于它们与OSI模型中的层的相关的功能网络连接设备可以被分为4种：中继器，网桥，路由器和网关。中继器和网桥主要是连接网络中的设备；路由器和网关主要是连接互联网中的网络。

         中继器是一个对数据重新发送或转发的电子设备。它延长了网络的物理长度。当一个信号在传递的时候有可能信号会变弱，一个弱信号就可能被接收者误读。中继器可以让这个信号再生然后把它在这网络中继续传递下去。图8C-2展示了一个网络中有\无中继器的情况。

         中继器仅仅操作在OSI模型的物理层，中继器不识别物理地址或者逻辑地址。它们仅仅是放大再生他们接受到的每一个信号。中继器在总线型拓扑结构占主导地位时很流行，它通常是连接两条总线来增加网络的长度。

         当一个网络使用总线型拓扑结构，在总线中传递的信息会在所有站点中共享。换种说法就是当一个站点发出一个帧，总线就被这个站点占用了其他的站点都不允许再发一个帧（如果还有其他的站点发了帧，这两个真就会碰撞产生冲突）。这意味着这个帧上带的信息的退化。站点在总线空闲之前需要等待，这就像一个机场只有一条的跑道。当跑道被一架飞机占用时其他准备要起飞的飞机只能等待。

         网桥相当于一个交通管制员。它可以把一条长总线分成若干较小的段，这样每一段就交通（这里指通信）而言都是独立的。设置在两个较小的段之间的网桥根据帧上的目的地址来通过或者阻塞帧如果一个帧的起始地和目的地都在一个段里，它就没什么必要去通过网桥到其他的段去。网桥用一个表来决定一个帧是否需要去另外一个段。有了网桥，两个或者多对站点就可以同时互相通信了。

         网桥除了有通信控制的功能，也有像中继器那样的对帧的转发的功能。像之前讨论过的一样，这意味着网桥工作在物理层，但是因为网关需要解析嵌入在帧上的地址来做出选择的决定，它也操作在OSI模型的数据链路层。

         路由器是用来连接局域网，城域网和广域网的设备。路由器操作在OSI模型的第三层。尽管网桥基于帧的物理地址（数据链路层）来过滤帧，路由器也基于数据包上的逻辑地址（网络层）来按路线发送一个包。

         然而网桥可以连接一个局域网或属于统一组织的两个局域网的两个段，路由器可以连接两个毫不相干的两个网络：一个局域网连向一个广域网，一个局域网连向一个城域网，一个广域网连向另一个广域网等等，其结果就是一个互联网。把全世界连接在一起的因特网就是许多网络通过路由器连在一起的一个例子。图8C-5展示了一个互联网络的例子。

传统上，网关是一个作为协议转换器的连接设备。它允许两个带有各自不同的服务于OSI中七层的协议的网络互相连通并且能够通信。网关通常是一个安装了必要的软件的计算机。网管能够解析互相连接的网络的协议，因此它能够把一个协议翻译成另一个。例如网关能使使用AppleTalk协议的网络和使用Novell Netware协议的网络连接在一起。

然而，现在“网关”和“路由器”是可以用做一样的功能。一些人把网关认作路由器，其他的一些人把路由器当做网关。这两个属于之间的区别已经模糊不清了。

图8C-6介绍了这两种连接设备和OSI模型之间的关系。