haskell 函数

最新推荐文章于 2020-01-21 10:38:13 发布

臀悬空

最新推荐文章于 2020-01-21 10:38:13 发布

阅读量454

点赞数

分类专栏： haskell

haskell 专栏收录该内容

10 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

函数定义，以及用到的关键字

doubleMe x = x + x

doubleSmallNumber x = if x > 100 
                      then x 
                      else  x*2

Haskell 中 if 语句的 else 部分是不可省略。（表达式就是返回一个值的一段代码）

模式匹配 (Pattern matching)：

(根据类型或值)模式匹配通过检查数据的特定结构来检查其是否匹配，并按模式从中取得数据。
模式会从上至下进行检查，一旦有匹配，那对应的函数体就被应用了。

lucky :: (Integral a) => a -> String   
lucky 7 = "LUCKY NUMBER SEVEN!"   
lucky x = "Sorry, you're out of luck, pal!"

capital :: String -> String   
capital "" = "Empty string, whoops!"   
capital all@(x:xs) = "The first letter of " ++ all ++ " is " ++ [x]

as 模式，就是将一个名字和 @ 置于模式前，可以在按模式分割什么东西时仍保留对其整体的引用

Guards: 模式用来检查一个值是否合适并从中取值，而 guard 则用来检查一个值的某项属性是否为真。

max' :: (Ord a) => a -> a -> a   
max' a b    
    | a > b     = a   
    | otherwise = b

关键字 Where, Let

where 关键字跟在 guard 后面(最好是与竖线缩进一致)，可以定义多个名字和函数。这些名字对每个 guard 都是可见的，这一来就避免了重复。
let 绑定与 where 绑定很相似。where 绑定是在函数底部定义名字，对包括所有 guard 在内的整个函数可见。let 绑定则是个表达式，允许你在任何位置定义局部变量，而对不同的 guard 不可见。let 的格式为 let [bindings] in [expressions]。在 let中绑定的名字仅对 in 部分可见。let 里面定义的名字也得对齐到一列。
let 绑定本身是个表达式，而 where 绑定则是个语法结构。还记得前面我们讲if语句时提到它是个表达式，因而可以随处安放？

bmiTell :: (RealFloat a) => a -> a -> String   
bmiTell weight height   
    | weight / height ^ 2 <= 18.5 = "You're underweight, you emo, you!"   
    | weight / height ^ 2 <= 25.0 = "You're supposedly normal. Pffft, I bet you're ugly!"   
    | weight / height ^ 2 <= 30.0 = "You're fat! Lose some weight, fatty!"   
    | otherwise                   = "You're a whale, congratulations!"

bmiTell :: (RealFloat a) => a -> a -> String   
bmiTell weight height   
    | bmi <= 18.5 = "You're underweight, you emo, you!"   
    | bmi <= 25.0 = "You're supposedly normal. Pffft, I bet you're ugly!"   
    | bmi <= 30.0 = "You're fat! Lose some weight, fatty!"   
    | otherwise   = "You're a whale, congratulations!"   
    where bmi = weight / height ^ 2

cylinder :: (RealFloat a) => a -> a -> a   
cylinder r h =  
    let sideArea = 2 * pi * r * h   
        topArea = pi * r ^2   
    in  sideArea + 2 * topArea

ghci> 4 * (let a = 9 in a + 1) + 2   
42

Case expressions

函数参数的模式匹配只能在定义函数时使用，而 case 表达式可以用在任何地方

describeList :: [a] -> String   
describeList xs = "The list is " ++ case xs of [] -> "empty."   
                                               [x] -> "a singleton list."    
                                               xs -> "a longer list."

describeList :: [a] -> String   
describeList xs = "The list is " ++ what xs   
    where what [] = "empty."   
          what [x] = "a singleton list."   
          what xs = "a longer list."

参考: http://learnyouahaskell-zh-tw.csie.org/zh-cn/chapters.html