《动手学深度学习》组队学习打卡Task1——多层感知机

多层感知机

参考：《动手学深度学习》

1. 多层感知机的基本知识
2. 使用多层感知机图像分类的从零开始的实现
3. 使用pytorch的简洁实现

多层感知机

多层感知机就是含有至少一个隐藏层的由全连接层组成的神经网络，且每个隐藏层的输出通过激活函数进行变换。多层感知机的层数和各隐藏层中隐藏单元个数都是超参数。以单隐藏层为例并沿用本节之前定义的符号，多层感知机按以下方式计算输出：

$$\begin{array}{rl}\mathbf{H}& =\varphi (\mathbf{X}{\mathbf{W}}_h+{\mathbf{b}}_h),\\ \mathbf{O}& =\mathbf{H}{\mathbf{W}}_o+{\mathbf{b}}_o,\end{array}$$
其中$\varphi$表示激活函数。

激活函数

• ReLU函数
  ReLU（rectified linear unit）函数提供了一个很简单的非线性变换。给定元素$x$，该函数定义为
  $$\text{ReLU}(x)=\max (x,0).$$

• Sigmoid函数
  sigmoid函数可以将元素的值变换到0和1之间：
  $$\text{sigmoid}(x)=\frac{1}{1+\exp (-x)}.$$

• tanh函数
  tanh（双曲正切）函数可以将元素的值变换到-1和1之间：
  $$\text{tanh}(x)=\frac{1-\exp (-2x)}{1+\exp (-2x)}.$$

关于激活函数的选择

ReLu函数是一个通用的激活函数，目前在大多数情况下使用。但是，ReLU函数只能在隐藏层中使用。

用于分类器时，sigmoid函数及其组合通常效果更好。由于梯度消失问题，有时要避免使用sigmoid和tanh函数。

在神经网络层数较多的时候，最好使用ReLu函数，ReLu函数比较简单计算量少，而sigmoid和tanh函数计算量大很多。

在选择激活函数的时候可以先选用ReLu函数如果效果不理想可以尝试其他激活函数。

多层感知机从零开始的实现

import torch
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
print(torch.__version__)

1.3.0

获取训练集

batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size,root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065')

定义模型参数

num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256

W1 = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_inputs, num_hiddens)), dtype=torch.float)
b1 = torch.zeros(num_hiddens, dtype=torch.float)
W2 = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_hiddens, num_outputs)), dtype=torch.float)
b2 = torch.zeros(num_outputs, dtype=torch.float)

params = [W1, b1, W2, b2]
for param in params:
    param.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)

定义激活函数

def relu(X):
    return torch.max(input=X, other=torch.tensor(0.0))

定义网络

def net(X):
    X = X.view((-1, num_inputs))
    H = relu(torch.matmul(X, W1) + b1)
    return torch.matmul(H, W2) + b2

定义损失函数

loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

训练

num_epochs, lr = 5, 100.0
# def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,
#               params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
#     for epoch in range(num_epochs):
#         train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
#         for X, y in train_iter:
#             y_hat = net(X)
#             l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
#             
#             # 梯度清零
#             if optimizer is not None:
#                 optimizer.zero_grad()
#             elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
#                 for param in params:
#                     param.grad.data.zero_()
#            
#             l.backward()
#             if optimizer is None:
#                 d2l.sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
#             else:
#                 optimizer.step()  # “softmax回归的简洁实现”一节将用到
#             
#             
#             train_l_sum += l.item()
#             train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
#             n += y.shape[0]
#         test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
#         print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'
#               % (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))

d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, params, lr)

epoch 1, loss 0.0030, train acc 0.712, test acc 0.806
epoch 2, loss 0.0019, train acc 0.821, test acc 0.806
epoch 3, loss 0.0017, train acc 0.847, test acc 0.825
epoch 4, loss 0.0015, train acc 0.856, test acc 0.834
epoch 5, loss 0.0015, train acc 0.863, test acc 0.847

多层感知机pytorch实现

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import init
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l

print(torch.__version__)

1.3.0

初始化模型和各个参数

num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
    
net = nn.Sequential(
        d2l.FlattenLayer(),
        nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_hiddens),
        nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Linear(num_hiddens, num_outputs), 
        )
    
for params in net.parameters():
    init.normal_(params, mean=0, std=0.01)

训练

batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size,root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065')
loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.5)

num_epochs = 5
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, None, None, optimizer)

epoch 1, loss 0.0031, train acc 0.701, test acc 0.774
epoch 2, loss 0.0019, train acc 0.821, test acc 0.806
epoch 3, loss 0.0017, train acc 0.841, test acc 0.805
epoch 4, loss 0.0015, train acc 0.855, test acc 0.834
epoch 5, loss 0.0014, train acc 0.866, test acc 0.840