Python ORM 概览
作为一个美妙的语言，Python 除了 SQLAlchemy 外还有很多ORM库。在这篇文章里，我们将来看看几个流行的可选 ORM 库，以此更好地窥探到Python ORM 境况。通过写一段脚本来读写2个表 ，person 和 address 到一个简单的数据库，我们能更好地理解每个ORM库的优缺点。
SQLObject
SQLObject 是一个介于SQL数据库和Python之间映射对象的Python ORM。得益于其类似于Ruby on Rails的ActiveRecord模式，在编程社区变得越来越流行。首个 SQLObject在2002年十月发布。它遵循LGPL许可。
在 SQLObject 中，数据库概念是通过与 SLQAlchemy 非常类似的的一种方式映射到Python的，表映射成类，行作为实例而字段作为属性。它同时提供一种基于Python对象的查询语言，这使得 SQL 更加抽象， 从而为应用提供了数据库不可知性（译注:应用和数据库分离）。
$ pip install sqlobject
Downloading/unpacking sqlobject
Downloading SQLObject-1.5.1.tar.gz (276kB): 276kB downloaded
Running setup.py egg_info for package sqlobject
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Successfully installed sqlobject
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>>> from sqlobject import StringCol, SQLObject, ForeignKey, sqlhub, connectionForURI
>>> sqlhub.processConnection = connectionForURI('sqlite:/:memory:')
>>>
>>> class Person(SQLObject):
... name = StringCol()
...
>>> class Address(SQLObject):
... address = StringCol()
... person = ForeignKey('Person')
...
>>> Person.createTable()
[]
>>> Address.createTable()
[]
上面的代码创建了2个简单的表：person 和 address 。为了创建和插入记录到这2个表，我们简单实例化一个person 实例和 一个 address 实例：
>>> p = Person(name='person')
>>> a = Address(address='address', person=p)
>>> p
>>> a
<address>为了获得或检索新记录， 我们用神奇的 q 对象关联到 Person 和 Address 类：
>>> persons = Person.select(Person.q.name == 'person')
>>> persons
>>> list(persons)
[]
>>> p1 = persons[0]
>>> p1 == p
True
>>> addresses = Address.select(Address.q.person == p1)
>>> addresses
>>> list(addresses)
[
<address>]
>>> a1 = addresses[0]
>>> a1 == a
True'person')
>>> persons
>>> list(persons)
[]
>>> p1 = persons[0]
>>> p1 == p
True
>>> addresses = Address.select(Address.q.person == p1)
>>> addresses
>>> list(addresses)
[
<address>]
>>> a1 = addresses[0]
>>> a1 == a
True
Storm
Storm 是一个介于 单个或多个数据库与Python之间 映射对象的 Python ORM 。为了支持动态存储和取回对象信息，它允许开发者构建跨数据表的复杂查询。它由Ubuntu背后的公司 Canonical公司用Python开发的，用在 Launchpad 和 Landscape 应用中，后来在2007年作为自由软件发布。这个项目在LGPL许可下发布，代码贡献者必须受让版权给Canonical公司。
像 SQLAlchemy 和 SQLObject 那样， Storm 也映射表到类，行到实例和字段到属性。相对另外2个库， Stom中 table class 不需要是框架特定基类 的子类 。在 SQLAlchemy中，每个 table class 是 sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declarative_bas 的一个子类。 而在SQLOjbect中，每个table class是 的 sqlobject.SQLObject 的子类。
类似于 SQLAlchemy, Storm 的 Store 对象对于后端数据库就像一个代理人， 所有的操作缓存在内存，一当提交方法在store上被调用就提交到数据库。每个 store 持有自己的Python数据库对象映射集合，就像一个 SQLAlchemy session 持有不同的 Python对象集合。
指定版本的 Storm 可以从 下载页面 下载。在这篇文章里，示例代码是使用 0.20 版本的Storm写的。
>>> from storm.locals import Int, Reference, Unicode, create_database, Store
>>>
>>>
>>> db = create_database('sqlite:')
>>> store = Store(db)
>>>
>>>
>>> class Person(object):
... __storm_table__ = 'person'
... id = Int(primary=True)
... name = Unicode()
...
>>>
>>> class Address(object):
... __storm_table__ = 'address'
... id = Int(primary=True)
... address = Unicode()
... person_id = Int()
... person = Reference(person_id, Person.id)
...from storm.locals import Int, Reference, Unicode, create_database, Store
>>>
>>>
>>> db = create_database('sqlite:')
>>> store = Store(db)
>>>
>>>
>>> class Person(object):
... __storm_table__ = 'person'
... id = Int(primary=True)
... name = Unicode()
...
>>>
>>> class Address(object):
... __storm_table__ = 'address'
... id = Int(primary=True)
... address = Unicode()
... person_id = Int()
... person = Reference(person_id, Person.id)
...上面的代码创建了一个 sqlite 内存数据库，然后用 store 来引用该数据库对象。一个Storm store 类似 SQLAlchemy的 DBSession对象，都管理 附属于其的实例对象 的生命周期。例如，下面的代码创建了一个 person 和 一个 address， 然后通过刷新 store 都插入记录。
>>> store.execute("CREATE TABLE person "
... "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR)")
>>> store.execute("CREATE TABLE address "
... "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, address VARCHAR, person_id INTEGER, "
... " FOREIGN KEY(person_id) REFERENCES person(id))")
>>> person = Person()
>>> person.name = u'person'
>>> print person
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
None, u'person' # Notice that person.id is None since the Person instance is not attached to a valid database store yet.
>>> store.add(person)
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
None, u'person' # Since the store hasn't flushed the Person instance into the sqlite database yet, person.id is still None.
>>> store.flush()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
1, u'person' # Now the store has flushed the Person instance, we got an id value for person.
>>> address = Address()
>>> address.person = person
>>> address.address = 'address'
>>> print "%r, %r, %r" % (address.id, address.person, address.address)
None, , 'address'
>>> address.person == person
True
>>> store.add(address)
>>> store.flush()
>>> print "%r, %r, %r" % (address.id, address.person, address.address)
1, , 'address'"CREATE TABLE person "
... "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR)")
>>> store.execute("CREATE TABLE address "
... "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, address VARCHAR, person_id INTEGER, "
... " FOREIGN KEY(person_id) REFERENCES person(id))")
>>> person = Person()
>>> person.name = u'person'
>>> print person
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
None, u'person' # Notice that person.id is None since the Person instance is not attached to a valid database store yet.
>>> store.add(person)
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
None, u'person' # Since the store hasn't flushed the Person instance into the sqlite database yet, person.id is still None.
>>> store.flush()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
1, u'person' # Now the store has flushed the Person instance, we got an id value for person.
>>> address = Address()
>>> address.person = person
>>> address.address = 'address'
>>> print "%r, %r, %r" % (address.id, address.person, address.address)
None, , 'address'
>>> address.person == person
True
>>> store.add(address)
>>> store.flush()
>>> print "%r, %r, %r" % (address.id, address.person, address.address)
1, , 'address'
为了获得或检索已插的 Person 和 Address 对象, 我们调用 store.find() 来查询：
>>> person = store.find(Person, Person.name == u'person').one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
1, u'person'
>>> store.find(Address, Address.person == person).one()
>>> address = store.find(Address, Address.person == person).one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (address.id, address.address)
1, u'address'u'person').one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (person.id, person.name)
1, u'person'
>>> store.find(Address, Address.person == person).one()
>>> address = store.find(Address, Address.person == person).one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (address.id, address.address)
1, u'address'SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy 是Python编程语言里，一个在MIT许可下发布的开源工具和SQL ORM。它首次发布于2006年二月，由Michael Bayer写的。它提供了 “一个知名企业级的持久化模式的，专为高效率和高性能的数据库访问设计的，改编成一个简单的Python域语言的完整套件”。它采用了数据映射模式（像Java中的Hibernate）而不是Active Record模式（像Ruby on Rails的ORM）。
SQLAlchemy 的工作单元 主要使得 有必要限制所有的数据库操作代码到一个特定的数据库session，在该session中控制每个对象的生命周期 。类似于其他的ORM，我们开始于定义declarative_base()的子类，以映射表到Python类。
>>> from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, ForeignKey
>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
>>> from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
>>>
>>>
>>> Base = declarative_base()
>>>
>>>
>>> class Person(Base):
... __tablename__ = 'person'
... id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
... name = Column(String)
...
>>>
>>> class Address(Base):
... __tablename__ = 'address'
... id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
... address = Column(String)
... person_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(Person.id))
... person = relationship(Person)
...from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, ForeignKey
>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
>>> from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
>>>
>>>
>>> Base = declarative_base()
>>>
>>>
>>> class Person(Base):
... __tablename__ = 'person'
... id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
... name = Column(String)
...
>>>
>>> class Address(Base):
... __tablename__ = 'address'
... id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
... address = Column(String)
... person_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(Person.id))
... person = relationship(Person)
...
在我们写任何数据库代码前，我们需要为数据库session创建一个数据库引擎。
>>> from sqlalchemy import create_engine
>>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///')from sqlalchemy import create_engine
>>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///')
一当我们创建了数据库引擎，可以继续创建一个数据库会话，并为所有之前定义的 Person和Address 类创建数据库表。
>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
>>> session = sessionmaker()
>>> session.configure(bind=engine)
>>> Base.metadata.create_all(engine)from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
>>> session = sessionmaker()
>>> session.configure(bind=engine)
>>> Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
现在，session 对象对象变成了我们工作单元的构造函数，将和所有后续数据库操作代码和对象关联到一个通过调用它的 __init__() 方法构建的数据库session上。
>>> s = session()
>>> p = Person(name='person')
>>> s.add(p)
>>> a = Address(address='address', person=p)
>>> s.add(a)'person')
>>> s.add(p)
>>> a = Address(address='address', person=p)
>>> s.add(a)
为了获得或检索数据库中的对象，我们在数据库session对象上调用 query() 和 filter() 方法。
>>> p = s.query(Person).filter(Person.name == 'person').one()
>>> p
>>> print "%r, %r" % (p.id, p.name)
1, 'person'
>>> a = s.query(Address).filter(Address.person == p).one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (a.id, a.address)
1, 'address''person').one()
>>> p
>>> print "%r, %r" % (p.id, p.name)
1, 'person'
>>> a = s.query(Address).filter(Address.person == p).one()
>>> print "%r, %r" % (a.id, a.address)
1, 'address'
请留意到目前为止，我们还没有提交任何对数据库的更改，所以新的person和address对象实际上还没存储在数据库中。 调用 s.commit() 将会提交更改，比如，插入一个新的person和一个新的address到数据库中。
>>> s.commit()
>>> s.close()
转自https://www.oschina.net/translate/sqlalchemy-vs-orms
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