在裸机代码中通常需要使用USB来下载u-boot代码。当然下载内核代码使用usb下载也是可以的。接下来我们要完成的就是DNW的USB下载器模块设计。
框架
首先完成模块代码的初始化函数和退出函数。
struct usb_driver dnw_driver = {
.name = "dnw", /* 驱动名 */
.probe = dnw_probe, /* 捕获函数 */
.disconnect = dnw_disconnect, /* 卸载函数 */
.id_table = dnw_id_table, /* 设备列表 */
};
int dnw_init()
{
usb_register(&dnw_driver);
return 0;
}
void dnw_exit()
{
usb_deregister(&dnw_driver);
}
module_init(dnw_init);
module_exit(dnw_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
初始化函数里面注册一个USB驱动，退出函数里面注销一个USB驱动。
接下来实现最简单的id_table，首先我们需要知道USB设备的2个ID，把USB设备插入到PC机中，然后使用lsusb可以查看到所有的USB设备的ID。找到和当前设备对应的即可。
static struct usb_device_id dnw_id_table [] = {
{ USB_DEVICE(0x5345, 0x1234) },
{ }
};
probe函数
对于之前我们分析的鼠标驱动程序，它是围绕URB和输入设备来展开。我们这里的下载器，显然也需要URB，但它是一个什么样的设备呢？其实它是一个字符类设备，我么需要在操作系统里面实现读和写的代码。而对于URB的初始化函数，不同的传输需要用不同的初始化函数，我们这里的下载器显然就是一个批量传输的设备了。
对于一个批量传输的设备，它的URB创建、初始化、提交可以通过一个函数来完成，就是usb_bulk_msg这个函数。那么这个函数在哪实现了？一般是放在写函数里面实现的，因为作为一个USB下载器来讲，只有当真正要下载东西，写数据的时候，才有必要提交这么一个URB。
所以probe函数里面只需要完成字符设备的初始化，对于字符设备的初始化可以使用cdev来实现。对于USB的字符设备，内核还提供了这么一个函数来实现，就是usb_register_dev函数，我们可以在内核里面搜索这个函数学习它的用法。它的原型是这个样子的：
/**
* usb_register_dev - register a USB device, and ask for a minor number
* @intf: pointer to the usb_interface that is being registered
* @class_driver: pointer to the usb_class_driver for this device
*
* This should be called by all USB drivers that use the USB major number.
* If CONFIG_USB_DYNAMIC_MINORS is enabled, the minor number will be
* dynamically allocated out of the list of available ones. If it is not
* enabled, the minor number will be based on the next available free minor,
* starting at the class_driver->minor_base.
*
* This function also creates a usb class device in the sysfs tree.
*
* usb_deregister_dev() must be called when the driver is done with
* the minor numbers given out by this function.
*
* Returns -EINVAL if something bad happens with trying to register a
* device, and 0 on success.
*/
int usb_register_dev(struct usb_interface *intf,
struct usb_class_driver *class_driver)它的第一个参数是USB设备的接口，我们可以通过probe的参数来拿到，第二个参数是class_driver，它里面包含了字符设备的名字，函数操作集等等：
static struct usb_class_driver dnw_class = {
.name = "dnw%d", //设备文件名字
.fops = &dnw_ops,//函数操作集
.minor_base = 100,//次设备号，字符设备的主设备号为固定的180
};
接下来实现dnw_ops，即操作函数集，因为它不需要读，因此实现写即可。
static struct file_operations dnw_ops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = dnw_write,
.open = dnw_open,
.release = dnw_release,
};
这些打开，写操作函数我们可能不知道它的函数原型，怎么办呢？当然是从Linux代码中找呀。
先来构思dnw_write函数，之前提到的usb_bulk_msg函数，不仅实现URB操作，它还能把用户的数据写入USB设备中。
#define BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE 512
char *bulkout_buffer;
static int dnw_open(struct inode* inode, struct file *file)
{
//为这个buffer分配空间，大小为512个字节
bulkout_buffer = kmalloc(BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE,GFP_KERNEL);
return 0;
}
static int dnw_release (struct inode* inode, struct file *file)
{
//这里面释放buffer的空间
kfree(bulkout_buffer);
return 0;
}
static ssize_t dnw_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *pos)
{
size_t to_write;
size_t total_write = 0;
size_t act_len;
while(len>0)
{
//计算这次需要拷贝的数据量
to_write = min(len,(size_t)BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE);
/*把用户空间的数据分批拷贝到内核中
*buffer的内存分配可以在open函数中完成
*buffer的释放在release中完成
*/
copy_from_user(bulkout_buffer,buf+total_write,to_write);
//提交URB
usb_bulk_msg(udev,usb_sndbulkpipe(udev,bulk_out_endaddr),bulkout_buffer,to_write,&act_len,3*HZ);
//更新数据量
len -= to_write;
total_write += to_write;
}
return total_write;
}
源代码
最后附上驱动代码和应用的测试代码：
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/usb.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#define BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE 512
char *bulkout_buffer;
struct usb_device *udev;
__u8 bulk_out_endaddr;
static struct usb_device_id dnw_id_table [] = {
{ USB_DEVICE(0x5345, 0x1234) },
{ }
};
static int dnw_open(struct inode* inode, struct file *file)
{
//为这个buffer分配空间，大小为512个字节
bulkout_buffer = kmalloc(BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE,GFP_KERNEL);
return 0;
}
static int dnw_release (struct inode* inode, struct file *file)
{
//这里面释放buffer的空间
kfree(bulkout_buffer);
return 0;
}
static ssize_t dnw_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *pos)
{
size_t to_write;
size_t total_write = 0;
size_t act_len;
while(len>0)
{
//计算这次需要拷贝的数据量
to_write = min(len,(size_t)BULKOUT_BUFFER_SIZE);
/*把用户空间的数据分批拷贝到内核中
*buffer的内存分配可以在open函数中完成
*buffer的释放在release中完成
*/
copy_from_user(bulkout_buffer,buf+total_write,to_write);
//提交URB
usb_bulk_msg(udev,usb_sndbulkpipe(udev,bulk_out_endaddr),bulkout_buffer,to_write,&act_len,3*HZ);
//更新数据量
len -= to_write;
total_write += to_write;
}
return total_write;
}
static struct file_operations dnw_ops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = dnw_write,
.open = dnw_open,
.release = dnw_release,
};
static struct usb_class_driver dnw_class = {
.name = "secbulk%d",
.fops = &dnw_ops,
.minor_base = 100,
};
static int dnw_probe(struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id)
{
/* 接口设置描述 */
struct usb_host_interface *interface;
struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint;
int i;
interface = intf->cur_altsetting;
//找到并保存usb_bulk_msg需要用到的bulk_out端点
for(i=0;i<interface->desc.bNumEndpoints;i++)
{
endpoint = &interface->endpoint[i].desc;
if(usb_endpoint_is_bulk_out(endpoint))
{
bulk_out_endaddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;
break;
}
}
usb_register_dev(intf,&dnw_class);
udev = usb_get_dev(interface_to_usbdev(intf));
}
static void dnw_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
usb_deregister_dev(intf,&dnw_class);
}
struct usb_driver dnw_driver = {
.name = "dnw", /* 驱动名 */
.probe = dnw_probe, /* 捕获函数 */
.disconnect = dnw_disconnect, /* 卸载函数 */
.id_table = dnw_id_table, /* 设备列表 */
};
int dnw_init()
{
usb_register(&dnw_driver);
return 0;
}
void dnw_exit()
{
usb_deregister(&dnw_driver);
}
module_init(dnw_init);
module_exit(dnw_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
测试代码：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
const char* dev = "/dev/dnw0";
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
unsigned char* file_buffer = NULL;
long int addr = 0;
if( 3 != argc ) {
printf("Usage: dwn <filename> address\n");
return 1;
}
int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if(-1 == fd) {
printf("Can not open file - %s\n", argv[1]);
return 1;
}
addr = strtol((char *) argv[2] ,NULL, 16);
printf("addr = %x \n", addr);
// get file size
struct stat file_stat;
if( -1 == fstat(fd, &file_stat) ) {
printf("Get file size filed!\n");
return 1;
}
file_buffer = (unsigned char*)malloc(file_stat.st_size+10);
if(NULL == file_buffer) {
printf("malloc failed!\n");
goto error;
}
//memset(file_buffer, '\0', sizeof(file_buffer)); // bad code ! corrected by Qulory
memset(file_buffer, '\0', sizeof(char)*(file_stat.st_size+10));
// the first 8 bytes in the file_buffer is reserved, the last 2 bytes also;
if( file_stat.st_size != read(fd, file_buffer+8, file_stat.st_size)) {
printf("Read file failed!\n");
goto error;
}
printf("File name : %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("File size : %ld bytes\n", file_stat.st_size);// off_t is long int
int fd_dev = open(dev, O_WRONLY);
if( -1 == fd_dev) {
printf("Can not open %s\n", dev);
goto error;
}
/*
* Note: the first 4 bytes store the dest addr ;
* the following 4 bytes store the file size ;
* and the last 2 bytes store the sum of each bytes of the file ;
*/
*((unsigned long*)file_buffer) = addr; //load address
*((unsigned long*)file_buffer+1) = file_stat.st_size+10; //file size
unsigned short sum = 0;
int i;
for(i=8; i<file_stat.st_size+8; i++) {
sum += file_buffer[i];
}
*((unsigned short*)(file_buffer+8+file_stat.st_size)) = sum;
printf("Start Sending data...\n");
size_t remain_size = file_stat.st_size+10;
size_t block_size = 512;
size_t written = 0;
while(remain_size > 0) {
size_t to_write = remain_size > block_size ? block_size:remain_size;
size_t real_write = write(fd_dev, file_buffer+written, to_write);
if( to_write != real_write) {
printf(" write /dev/secbulk0 failed! to_write = %u real_write = %u \n" , to_write ,real_write );
return 1;
}
remain_size -= to_write;
written += to_write;
printf("\rSent %lu%% \t %u bytes !", written*100/(file_stat.st_size+10), written);
fflush(stdout);
}
printf("OK\n");
return 0;
error:
if(-1 != fd_dev) {
close(fd_dev);
}
if(fd != -1) {
close(fd);
}
if( NULL != file_buffer ) {
free(file_buffer);
}
return -1;
}
编译及测试
先编写一个Makefile
KDIR = /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
PWD := $(shell pwd)
obj-m := dnw_usb.o
all:
make -C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
clean:
rm -rf *.o, *.ko
编译之后安装这个模块，然后编译应用代码，执行下载操作，查看是否下载成功。
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