3.教程：使用async-std编写聊天服务(3.6 聊天服务所有职责角色)

At this point, we only need to start the broker to get a fully-functioning (in the happy case!) chat:
在这一点上，我们只需要启动代理程序就可以得到一个完全正常的运行（在愉快的情况下！）聊天：

use async_std::{
    io::BufReader,
    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs},
    prelude::*,
    task,
};
use futures::channel::mpsc;
use futures::sink::SinkExt;
use std::{
    collections::hash_map::{HashMap, Entry},
    sync::Arc,
};

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>>;
type Sender<T> = mpsc::UnboundedSender<T>;
type Receiver<T> = mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<T>;

// main
fn run() -> Result<()> {
    task::block_on(accept_loop("127.0.0.1:8080"))
}

fn spawn_and_log_error<F>(fut: F) -> task::JoinHandle<()>
where
    F: Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'static,
{
    task::spawn(async move {
        if let Err(e) = fut.await {
            eprintln!("{}", e)
        }
    })
}

async fn accept_loop(addr: impl ToSocketAddrs) -> Result<()> {
    let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;

    let (broker_sender, broker_receiver) = mpsc::unbounded(); // 1
    let _broker_handle = task::spawn(broker_loop(broker_receiver));
    let mut incoming = listener.incoming();
    while let Some(stream) = incoming.next().await {
        let stream = stream?;
        println!("Accepting from: {}", stream.peer_addr()?);
        spawn_and_log_error(connection_loop(broker_sender.clone(), stream));
    }
    Ok(())
}

async fn connection_loop(mut broker: Sender<Event>, stream: TcpStream) -> Result<()> {
    let stream = Arc::new(stream); // 2
    let reader = BufReader::new(&*stream);
    let mut lines = reader.lines();

    let name = match lines.next().await {
        None => Err("peer disconnected immediately")?,
        Some(line) => line?,
    };
    broker.send(Event::NewPeer { name: name.clone(), stream: Arc::clone(&stream) }).await // 3
        .unwrap();

    while let Some(line) = lines.next().await {
        let line = line?;
        let (dest, msg) = match line.find(':') {
            None => continue,
            Some(idx) => (&line[..idx], line[idx + 1 ..].trim()),
        };
        let dest: Vec<String> = dest.split(',').map(|name| name.trim().to_string()).collect();
        let msg: String = msg.to_string();

        broker.send(Event::Message { // 4
            from: name.clone(),
            to: dest,
            msg,
        }).await.unwrap();
    }
    Ok(())
}

async fn connection_writer_loop(
    mut messages: Receiver<String>,
    stream: Arc<TcpStream>,
) -> Result<()> {
    let mut stream = &*stream;
    while let Some(msg) = messages.next().await {
        stream.write_all(msg.as_bytes()).await?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum Event {
    NewPeer {
        name: String,
        stream: Arc<TcpStream>,
    },
    Message {
        from: String,
        to: Vec<String>,
        msg: String,
    },
}

async fn broker_loop(mut events: Receiver<Event>) -> Result<()> {
    let mut peers: HashMap<String, Sender<String>> = HashMap::new();

    while let Some(event) = events.next().await {
        match event {
            Event::Message { from, to, msg } => {
                for addr in to {
                    if let Some(peer) = peers.get_mut(&addr) {
                        let msg = format!("from {}: {}\n", from, msg);
                        peer.send(msg).await?
                    }
                }
            }
            Event::NewPeer { name, stream} => {
                match peers.entry(name) {
                    Entry::Occupied(..) => (),
                    Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                        let (client_sender, client_receiver) = mpsc::unbounded();
                        entry.insert(client_sender); // 4
                        spawn_and_log_error(connection_writer_loop(client_receiver, stream)); // 5
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

1. 在accept_loop中，我们创建broker的通道和任务。
2. 在connection_loop中，我们需要将TcpStream包装成一个Arc，以便能够与connection_writer_loop共享它。
3.  Note that we .unwrap on send: broker should outlive all the clients and if that's not the case the broker probably panicked, so we can escalate the panic as well.
4. 登录时，我们会通知broker。注意，我们在send时调用.unwrap：broker应该比所有客户都活得长，如果不是这样，broker可能会恐慌，所以我们也可以扩大恐慌。
5. 类似地，我们将解析后的消息转发给broker，假设它是存活的。