Post请求的3种编码格式:application/x-www-form-urlencoded和multipart/form-data和application/json

一、前端表单提交时

application/x-www-form-urlencoded

表单代码:

<form action="http://localhost:8888/task/" method="POST">
First name: <input type="text" name="firstName" value="Mickey&"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastName" value="Mouse "><br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>

通过测试发现可以正常访问接口,在Chrome的开发者工具中可以看出,表单上传编码格式为application/x-www-form-urlencoded(Request Headers中),参数的格式为key=value&key=value

 

我们可以看出,服务器知道参数用符号&间隔,如果参数值中需要&,则必须对其进行编码。编码格式就是application/x-www-form-urlencoded将键值对的参数用&连接起来,如果有空格,将空格转换为+加号;有特殊符号,将特殊符号转换为ASCII HEX)。

application/x-www-form-urlencoded是浏览器默认的编码格式。对于Get请求,是将参数转换?key=value&key=value格式,连接到url后

ps:可以在这个网址测试表单:http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=tryhtml_form_submit

multipart/form-data

那么当服务器使用multipart/form-data接收POST请求时,服务器怎么知道每个参数的开始位置和结束位置呢?

<form action="http://localhost:8888/task/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
First name: <input type="text" name="firstName" value="Mickey&"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastName" value="Mouse "><br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>

我们在开发者工具中可以看出multipart/form-data不会对参数编码,使用的boundary(分割线),相当于&boundary的值是----Web**AJv3

 

文件上传

上传文件也要指定编码格式为multipart/form-data

<form action="http://localhost:8888/testFile" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="POST">
<input type="file" name="file">
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>

如果是SpringMVC项目,要服务器能接受multipart/form-data类型参数,还要在spring上下文配置以下内容,SpringBoot项目则不需要

<bean id="multipartResolver" class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver">
    <property name="defaultEncoding" value="utf-8"></property>
</bean>

我们可以通过FormData对象模拟表单提交,用原始的XMLHttpRequest来发送数据,让我们可以在Chrome开发工具中查看到具体格式:

<form id="form">
    First name: <input type="text" name="firstName" value="Mickey"><br>
    Last name: <input type="text" name="lastName" value="Mouse"><br>
    <input type="file" name="file"><br>
</form>

<button onclick="submitForm()">提交</button>

<script>
    function submitForm() {
        var formElement = document.getElementById("form");

        var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open("POST", "/task/testFile");
        xhr.send(new FormData(formElement));
    }
</script>

格式如下:

 

二、调用接口代码时

1、在代码中使用application/x-www-form-urlencoded编码格式设置Request属性调用接口,可以如下实现:

private static String doPost(String strUrl, String content) {
        String result = "";

        try {
            URL url = new URL(strUrl);
            //通过调用url.openConnection()来获得一个新的URLConnection对象,并且将其结果强制转换为HttpURLConnection.
            HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            urlConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
            //设置连接的超时值为30000毫秒,超时将抛出SocketTimeoutException异常
            urlConnection.setConnectTimeout(30000);
            //设置读取的超时值为30000毫秒,超时将抛出SocketTimeoutException异常
            urlConnection.setReadTimeout(30000);
            //将url连接用于输出,这样才能使用getOutputStream()。getOutputStream()返回的输出流用于传输数据
            urlConnection.setDoOutput(true);
            //设置通用请求属性为默认浏览器编码类型
            urlConnection.setRequestProperty("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
            //getOutputStream()返回的输出流,用于写入参数数据。
            OutputStream outputStream = urlConnection.getOutputStream();
            outputStream.write(content.getBytes());
            outputStream.flush();
            outputStream.close();
            //此时将调用接口方法。getInputStream()返回的输入流可以读取返回的数据。
            InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
            byte[] data = new byte[1024];
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            //inputStream每次就会将读取1024个byte到data中,当inputSteam中没有数据时,inputStream.read(data)值为-1
            while (inputStream.read(data) != -1) {
                String s = new String(data, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
                sb.append(s);
            }
            result = sb.toString();
            inputStream.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return result;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = doPost("http://localhost:8888/task/", "firstName=Mickey%26&lastName=Mouse ");
        System.out.println(str);
    }

2、在代码中使用multipart/form-data编码格式设置Request属性调用接口时,其中boundary的值可以在设置Content-Type时指定,让服务器知道如何拆分它接受的参数。通过以下代码的调用接口:

private static String doPost(String strUrl, Map<String, String> params, String boundary) {
    String result = "";

    try {
        URL url = new URL(strUrl);
        HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
        urlConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
        urlConnection.setConnectTimeout(30000);
        urlConnection.setReadTimeout(30000);
        urlConnection.setDoOutput(true);
        //设置通用请求属性为multipart/form-data
        urlConnection.setRequestProperty("content-type", "multipart/form-data;boundary=" + boundary);
        DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(urlConnection.getOutputStream());

        for (String key : params.keySet()) {
            String value = params.get(key);
            //注意!此处是\r(回车:将当前位置移到本行开头)、\n(换行:将当前位置移到下行开头)要一起使用
            dataOutputStream.writeBytes("--" + boundary + "\r\n");
            dataOutputStream.writeBytes("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + encode(key) + "\"\r\n");
            dataOutputStream.writeBytes("\r\n");
            dataOutputStream.writeBytes(encode(value) + "\r\n");
        }
        //最后一个分隔符的结尾后面要跟"--"
        dataOutputStream.writeBytes("--" + boundary + "--");
        dataOutputStream.flush();
        dataOutputStream.close();
        InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
        byte[] data = new byte[1024];
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (inputStream.read(data) != -1) {
            String s = new String(data, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
            sb.append(s);
        }
        result = sb.toString();
        inputStream.close();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

    return result;
}

private static String encode(String value) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
    return URLEncoder.encode(value, "UTF-8");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<>();
    params.put("firstName", "Mickey");
    params.put("lastName", "Mouse");

    //自定义boundary,有两个要求:使用不会出现在发送到服务器的HTTP数据中的值;并在请求消息中的分割位置都使用相同的值
    String boundary = "abcdefg";
    String str = doPost("http://localhost:8888/testFile", params, boundary);
    System.out.println(str);
}

通过debug,可以看出dataOutputStream的值如下:

 

三、使用Postman测试接口时

1、POST请求 -> Body -> x-www-form-urlencoded

 

当切换为x-www-form-urlencoded时,Headers会自动添加Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded

 

当请求Send后,此时点Code,可以查看到和Chrome开发工具中(Request Headers处的Content-Type和Form Data)一样的数据

 

2、POST请求 -> Body -> form-data

相当于html表单请求,value可为Text或文件。

 

可以不用手动指定编码格式,也可以指定编码为multipart/form-data

 

划线处的分割线应该是被省略了。

 

可以更改左上角的类型,来查看相应的Headers代码,常见的是下面三种:

Java OK HTTP

 

JavaScript Jquery AJAX

JavaScript XHR

 

接口代码

@RequestMapping("/task")
public class TaskController {

    @RequestMapping("/")
    public String index(String firstName, String lastName) {
        //也可以从request中接收
        //String firstName= request.getParameter("firstName")==null?"":request.getParameter("firstName").toString();
        return firstName + lastName;
    }

    @RequestMapping("/testFile")
    public String testFile(String firstName, String lastName, MultipartFile file) {
        String result = firstName + lastName;
        if (file != null) {
            result += (file.getOriginalFilename() != null) ? file.getOriginalFilename() : "";
        }
        return result;
    }
}

POST请求的两种编码格式:application/x-www-urlencoded是浏览器默认的编码格式,用于键值对参数,参数之间用&间隔;multipart/form-data常用于文件等二进制,也可用于键值对参数,最后连接成一串字符传输(参考Java OK HTTP)。

除了这两个编码格式,还有application/json也经常使用。

application/json调用方式如下:

a) 使用httpClient

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;

public class Sender {
	
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	String jsonData = "";
    	try{
	        
	        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
			HttpPost post = new HttpPost("http://127.0.0.1:8091/json/data");
	        post.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8");
	        // 设置请求body信息
	        JSONObject body = new JSONObject();
	        body.put("name", "wangru");
	        body.put("address", "jinan");
	        
	        post.setEntity(new StringEntity(body.toString()));
	        HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(post);
	        jsonData = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());
	        jsonData = UnicodeUtil.decodeUnicode(jsonData);
	        System.out.println("接收反馈:"+jsonData);
		}catch(Exception e){
			 System.out.println(e.getMessage());
			
		}
	}

}

b) 或者直接把数据写进流

public static String sendMessage4Json(){
		String jsonData = "";
	        
        OutputStreamWriter out = null ;
        BufferedReader in = null;
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        String url = "http://127.0.0.1:8091/json/data";
        logger.info("请求url:"+url);
        try {
            URL realUrl = new URL(url);
            // 打开和URL之间的连接
            URLConnection conn = realUrl.openConnection();
            //设置通用的请求头属性
            conn.setRequestProperty("accept", "*/*");
            conn.setRequestProperty("connection", "Keep-Alive");
            conn.setRequestProperty("user-agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1;SV1)");
            conn.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "UTF-8");
            conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");
            // 发送POST请求必须设置如下两行   否则会抛异常(java.net.ProtocolException: cannot write to a URLConnection if doOutput=false - call setDoOutput(true))
            conn.setDoOutput(true);
            conn.setDoInput(true);
            //获取URLConnection对象对应的输出流并开始发送参数
            out = new OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream(), "UTF-8");
            //添加参数
            String json = "{\"name\":\"wangru\",\"address\":\"jinan\"}";
            out.write(new String(json.getBytes("UTF-8")));
            out.flush();
            in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream(),"UTF-8"));
            String line;
            while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
                result.append(line);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            logger.info(e.getMessage());
        }finally {// 使用finally块来关闭输出流、输入流
            try {
                if (out != null) {
                    out.close();
                }
                if (in != null) {
                    in.close();
                }
            } catch (IOException ex) {
                ex.printStackTrace();
                logger.info(ex.getMessage());
            }
        }
        logger.info("接收反馈:"+result.toString());
        jsonData = result.toString();
	        
		
		return jsonData;
	}
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	sendMessage4Json();
	}

application/json接收方式如下:

@ResponseBody
    @RequestMapping(value = "/json/data3", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String getByJSON3 (HttpServletRequest request) {
        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        InputStream is = null;
        try
        {
            is = request.getInputStream();

            byte[] b = new byte[4096];
            for (int n; (n = is.read(b)) != -1;)
            {
                sb.append(new String(b, 0, n));
            }
        }
        catch (IOException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        finally
        {
            if (null != is)
            {
                try
                {
                    is.close();
                }
                catch (IOException e)
                {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }

        result.put("json", sb);

        return result.toJSONString();
    }

或者用SpringBoot接收

    @ResponseBody
    @RequestMapping(value = "/json/data4", method = RequestMethod.POST, produces = "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
    public String getByJSON4(@RequestBody JSONObject jsonParam) {
        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
        result.put("msg", "ok");
        result.put("data", jsonParam);
        return result.toJSONString();
    }

使用postMan测试

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