抽象类在设计模式中最明显的体现就是模板方法模式,除此之外,通过阅读spring的源码,还发现一个有趣的用法
1.抽象类可以实现接口中的部分方法,对于不实现的方法,可以继承抽象下去,例如
在该继承链中, InputStreamSource, Resource是一个接口(Resource接口继承了InputStreamSource,功力大增,实现类可以向上转型嘛), AbstractResource是一个抽象类,该抽象类实现了两个接口中的部分方法,其他未实现的方法继续抽象.
因为AbstractResource含有抽象方法,所以他必须定义为一个抽象类.
抽象类似乎天生就是用来被继承的,不能被实例化.
下面我们来看一下源码,首先来看一下InputStreamSource的源码
/*
* Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.core.io;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
/**
* Simple interface for objects that are sources for an {@link InputStream}.
*
* <p>This is the base interface for Spring's more extensive {@link Resource} interface.
*
* <p>For single-use streams, {@link InputStreamResource} can be used for any
* given {@code InputStream}. Spring's {@link ByteArrayResource} or any
* file-based {@code Resource} implementation can be used as a concrete
* instance, allowing one to read the underlying content stream multiple times.
* This makes this interface useful as an abstract content source for mail
* attachments, for example.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 20.01.2004
* @see java.io.InputStream
* @see Resource
* @see InputStreamResource
* @see ByteArrayResource
*/
public interface InputStreamSource {
/**
* Return an {@link InputStream} for the content of an underlying resource.
* <p>It is expected that each call creates a <i>fresh</i> stream.
* <p>This requirement is particularly important when you consider an API such
* as JavaMail, which needs to be able to read the stream multiple times when
* creating mail attachments. For such a use case, it is <i>required</i>
* that each {@code getInputStream()} call returns a fresh stream.
* @return the input stream for the underlying resource (must not be {@code null})
* @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException if the underlying resource doesn't exist
* @throws IOException if the content stream could not be opened
*/
InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException;
}
该接口定义了一个getInputStream()的抽象方法.
接着我们来看一下Resoutce接口
/*
* Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.core.io;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.channels.Channels;
import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
/**
* Interface for a resource descriptor that abstracts from the actual
* type of underlying resource, such as a file or class path resource.
*
* <p>An InputStream can be opened for every resource if it exists in
* physical form, but a URL or File handle can just be returned for
* certain resources. The actual behavior is implementation-specific.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 28.12.2003
* @see #getInputStream()
* @see #getURL()
* @see #getURI()
* @see #getFile()
* @see WritableResource
* @see ContextResource
* @see UrlResource
* @see ClassPathResource
* @see FileSystemResource
* @see PathResource
* @see ByteArrayResource
* @see InputStreamResource
*/
public interface Resource extends InputStreamSource {
/**
* Determine whether this resource actually exists in physical form.
* <p>This method performs a definitive existence check, whereas the
* existence of a {@code Resource} handle only guarantees a valid
* descriptor handle.
*/
boolean exists();
/**
* Indicate whether the contents of this resource can be read via
* {@link #getInputStream()}.
* <p>Will be {@code true} for typical resource descriptors;
* note that actual content reading may still fail when attempted.
* However, a value of {@code false} is a definitive indication
* that the resource content cannot be read.
* @see #getInputStream()
*/
default boolean isReadable() {
return true;
}
/**
* Indicate whether this resource represents a handle with an open stream.
* If {@code true}, the InputStream cannot be read multiple times,
* and must be read and closed to avoid resource leaks.
* <p>Will be {@code false} for typical resource descriptors.
*/
default boolean isOpen() {
return false;
}
/**
* Determine whether this resource represents a file in a file system.
* A value of {@code true} strongly suggests (but does not guarantee)
* that a {@link #getFile()} call will succeed.
* <p>This is conservatively {@code false} by default.
* @since 5.0
* @see #getFile()
*/
default boolean isFile() {
return false;
}
/**
* Return a URL handle for this resource.
* @throws IOException if the resource cannot be resolved as URL,
* i.e. if the resource is not available as descriptor
*/
URL getURL() throws IOException;
/**
* Return a URI handle for this resource.
* @throws IOException if the resource cannot be resolved as URI,
* i.e. if the resource is not available as descriptor
* @since 2.5
*/
URI getURI() throws IOException;
/**
* Return a File handle for this resource.
* @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException if the resource cannot be resolved as
* absolute file path, i.e. if the resource is not available in a file system
* @throws IOException in case of general resolution/reading failures
* @see #getInputStream()
*/
File getFile() throws IOException;
/**
* Return a {@link ReadableByteChannel}.
* <p>It is expected that each call creates a <i>fresh</i> channel.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@link Channels#newChannel(InputStream)}
* with the result of {@link #getInputStream()}.
* @return the byte channel for the underlying resource (must not be {@code null})
* @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException if the underlying resource doesn't exist
* @throws IOException if the content channel could not be opened
* @since 5.0
* @see #getInputStream()
*/
default ReadableByteChannel readableChannel() throws IOException {
return Channels.newChannel(getInputStream());
}
/**
* Determine the content length for this resource.
* @throws IOException if the resource cannot be resolved
* (in the file system or as some other known physical resource type)
*/
long contentLength() throws IOException;
/**
* Determine the last-modified timestamp for this resource.
* @throws IOException if the resource cannot be resolved
* (in the file system or as some other known physical resource type)
*/
long lastModified() throws IOException;
/**
* Create a resource relative to this resource.
* @param relativePath the relative path (relative to this resource)
* @return the resource handle for the relative resource
* @throws IOException if the relative resource cannot be determined
*/
Resource createRelative(String relativePath) throws IOException;
/**
* Determine a filename for this resource, i.e. typically the last
* part of the path: for example, "myfile.txt".
* <p>Returns {@code null} if this type of resource does not
* have a filename.
*/
@Nullable
String getFilename();
/**
* Return a description for this resource,
* to be used for error output when working with the resource.
* <p>Implementations are also encouraged to return this value
* from their {@code toString} method.
* @see Object#toString()
*/
String getDescription();
}
该接口继承了InputStreamSource接口,定义了
exists
isReadable
isOpen
isFile
getURL
getURI
getFile
readableChannel
contentLength
lastModified
createRelative
getFilename
getDescription
这13个接口,加上继承来的getInputStream这个接口,该类具有14个接口
我么来看一下AbstractResource抽象类
/*
* Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.core.io;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.channels.Channels;
import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
import org.springframework.core.NestedIOException;
import org.springframework.util.ResourceUtils;
/**
* Convenience base class for {@link Resource} implementations,
* pre-implementing typical behavior.
*
* <p>The "exists" method will check whether a File or InputStream can
* be opened; "isOpen" will always return false; "getURL" and "getFile"
* throw an exception; and "toString" will return the description.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 28.12.2003
*/
public abstract class AbstractResource implements Resource {
/**
* This implementation checks whether a File can be opened,
* falling back to whether an InputStream can be opened.
* This will cover both directories and content resources.
*/
@Override
public boolean exists() {
// Try file existence: can we find the file in the file system?
try {
return getFile().exists();
}
catch (IOException ex) {
// Fall back to stream existence: can we open the stream?
try {
InputStream is = getInputStream();
is.close();
return true;
}
catch (Throwable isEx) {
return false;
}
}
}
/**
* This implementation always returns {@code true}.
*/
@Override
public boolean isReadable() {
return true;
}
/**
* This implementation always returns {@code false}.
*/
@Override
public boolean isOpen() {
return false;
}
/**
* This implementation always returns {@code false}.
*/
@Override
public boolean isFile() {
return false;
}
/**
* This implementation throws a FileNotFoundException, assuming
* that the resource cannot be resolved to a URL.
*/
@Override
public URL getURL() throws IOException {
throw new FileNotFoundException(getDescription() + " cannot be resolved to URL");
}
/**
* This implementation builds a URI based on the URL returned
* by {@link #getURL()}.
*/
@Override
public URI getURI() throws IOException {
URL url = getURL();
try {
return ResourceUtils.toURI(url);
}
catch (URISyntaxException ex) {
throw new NestedIOException("Invalid URI [" + url + "]", ex);
}
}
/**
* This implementation throws a FileNotFoundException, assuming
* that the resource cannot be resolved to an absolute file path.
*/
@Override
public File getFile() throws IOException {
throw new FileNotFoundException(getDescription() + " cannot be resolved to absolute file path");
}
/**
* This implementation returns {@link Channels#newChannel(InputStream)}
* with the result of {@link #getInputStream()}.
* <p>This is the same as in {@link Resource}'s corresponding default method
* but mirrored here for efficient JVM-level dispatching in a class hierarchy.
*/
@Override
public ReadableByteChannel readableChannel() throws IOException {
return Channels.newChannel(getInputStream());
}
/**
* This implementation reads the entire InputStream to calculate the
* content length. Subclasses will almost always be able to provide
* a more optimal version of this, e.g. checking a File length.
* @see #getInputStream()
*/
@Override
public long contentLength() throws IOException {
InputStream is = getInputStream();
try {
long size = 0;
byte[] buf = new byte[255];
int read;
while ((read = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
size += read;
}
return size;
}
finally {
try {
is.close();
}
catch (IOException ex) {
}
}
}
/**
* This implementation checks the timestamp of the underlying File,
* if available.
* @see #getFileForLastModifiedCheck()
*/
@Override
public long lastModified() throws IOException {
long lastModified = getFileForLastModifiedCheck().lastModified();
if (lastModified == 0L) {
throw new FileNotFoundException(getDescription() +
" cannot be resolved in the file system for resolving its last-modified timestamp");
}
return lastModified;
}
/**
* Determine the File to use for timestamp checking.
* <p>The default implementation delegates to {@link #getFile()}.
* @return the File to use for timestamp checking (never {@code null})
* @throws FileNotFoundException if the resource cannot be resolved as
* an absolute file path, i.e. is not available in a file system
* @throws IOException in case of general resolution/reading failures
*/
protected File getFileForLastModifiedCheck() throws IOException {
return getFile();
}
/**
* This implementation throws a FileNotFoundException, assuming
* that relative resources cannot be created for this resource.
*/
@Override
public Resource createRelative(String relativePath) throws IOException {
throw new FileNotFoundException("Cannot create a relative resource for " + getDescription());
}
/**
* This implementation always returns {@code null},
* assuming that this resource type does not have a filename.
*/
@Override
public String getFilename() {
return null;
}
/**
* This implementation returns the description of this resource.
* @see #getDescription()
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
return getDescription();
}
/**
* This implementation compares description strings.
* @see #getDescription()
*/
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (obj == this ||
(obj instanceof Resource && ((Resource) obj).getDescription().equals(getDescription())));
}
/**
* This implementation returns the description's hash code.
* @see #getDescription()
*/
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return getDescription().hashCode();
}
}
该抽象类实现了Resource接口,咋一看,似乎Resource中的抽象方法他都实现了,我们在仔细看一下,似乎InputStream类中的getInputStream()方法没有被实现,而是被作为抽象方法调用了,这是个钩子,调用子类的一个钩子,我们看一下源码
@Override
public boolean exists() {
// Try file existence: can we find the file in the file system?
try {
return getFile().exists();
}
catch (IOException ex) {
// Fall back to stream existence: can we open the stream?
try {
InputStream is = getInputStream();
is.close();
return true;
}
catch (Throwable isEx) {
return false;
}
}
}
在exists()这个方法中,getInputStream()方法被作为一个钩子使用,其他方法中也被这样用了.这就是我们开篇所讲的抽象类可以实现接口中的部分方法,对于不实现的方法,可以继承抽象下去.另外,我们还可以验证一下,如何验证呢?很简单,我们只要把该类的abstract关键字移除,看是否报错.如果没报错,说明该抽象类实现了接口中的所有方法,反之则没有完全实现.
接下来我们在来看一下钩子的用法,以它一个实现类ClassPathResource为例来说明,继承体系如下
我们来看一下ClassPathResource类的源码
/*
* Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.core.io;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
import org.springframework.util.Assert;
import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;
import org.springframework.util.ObjectUtils;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
/**
* {@link Resource} implementation for class path resources. Uses either a
* given {@link ClassLoader} or a given {@link Class} for loading resources.
*
* <p>Supports resolution as {@code java.io.File} if the class path
* resource resides in the file system, but not for resources in a JAR.
* Always supports resolution as URL.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @author Sam Brannen
* @since 28.12.2003
* @see ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)
* @see Class#getResourceAsStream(String)
*/
public class ClassPathResource extends AbstractFileResolvingResource {
private final String path;
@Nullable
private ClassLoader classLoader;
@Nullable
private Class<?> clazz;
/**
* Create a new {@code ClassPathResource} for {@code ClassLoader} usage.
* A leading slash will be removed, as the ClassLoader resource access
* methods will not accept it.
* <p>The thread context class loader will be used for
* loading the resource.
* @param path the absolute path within the class path
* @see java.lang.ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)
* @see org.springframework.util.ClassUtils#getDefaultClassLoader()
*/
public ClassPathResource(String path) {
this(path, (ClassLoader) null);
}
/**
* Create a new {@code ClassPathResource} for {@code ClassLoader} usage.
* A leading slash will be removed, as the ClassLoader resource access
* methods will not accept it.
* @param path the absolute path within the classpath
* @param classLoader the class loader to load the resource with,
* or {@code null} for the thread context class loader
* @see ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)
*/
public ClassPathResource(String path, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
Assert.notNull(path, "Path must not be null");
String pathToUse = StringUtils.cleanPath(path);
if (pathToUse.startsWith("/")) {
pathToUse = pathToUse.substring(1);
}
this.path = pathToUse;
this.classLoader = (classLoader != null ? classLoader : ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader());
}
/**
* Create a new {@code ClassPathResource} for {@code Class} usage.
* The path can be relative to the given class, or absolute within
* the classpath via a leading slash.
* @param path relative or absolute path within the class path
* @param clazz the class to load resources with
* @see java.lang.Class#getResourceAsStream
*/
public ClassPathResource(String path, @Nullable Class<?> clazz) {
Assert.notNull(path, "Path must not be null");
this.path = StringUtils.cleanPath(path);
this.clazz = clazz;
}
/**
* Create a new {@code ClassPathResource} with optional {@code ClassLoader}
* and {@code Class}. Only for internal usage.
* @param path relative or absolute path within the classpath
* @param classLoader the class loader to load the resource with, if any
* @param clazz the class to load resources with, if any
*/
protected ClassPathResource(String path, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader, @Nullable Class<?> clazz) {
this.path = StringUtils.cleanPath(path);
this.classLoader = classLoader;
this.clazz = clazz;
}
/**
* Return the path for this resource (as resource path within the class path).
*/
public final String getPath() {
return this.path;
}
/**
* Return the ClassLoader that this resource will be obtained from.
*/
@Nullable
public final ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
return (this.clazz != null ? this.clazz.getClassLoader() : this.classLoader);
}
/**
* This implementation checks for the resolution of a resource URL.
* @see java.lang.ClassLoader#getResource(String)
* @see java.lang.Class#getResource(String)
*/
@Override
public boolean exists() {
return (resolveURL() != null);
}
/**
* Resolves a URL for the underlying class path resource.
* @return the resolved URL, or {@code null} if not resolvable
*/
@Nullable
protected URL resolveURL() {
if (this.clazz != null) {
return this.clazz.getResource(this.path);
}
else if (this.classLoader != null) {
return this.classLoader.getResource(this.path);
}
else {
return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(this.path);
}
}
/**
* This implementation opens an InputStream for the given class path resource.
* @see java.lang.ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)
* @see java.lang.Class#getResourceAsStream(String)
*/
@Override
public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
InputStream is;
if (this.clazz != null) {
is = this.clazz.getResourceAsStream(this.path);
}
else if (this.classLoader != null) {
is = this.classLoader.getResourceAsStream(this.path);
}
else {
is = ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(this.path);
}
if (is == null) {
throw new FileNotFoundException(getDescription() + " cannot be opened because it does not exist");
}
return is;
}
/**
* This implementation returns a URL for the underlying class path resource,
* if available.
* @see java.lang.ClassLoader#getResource(String)
* @see java.lang.Class#getResource(String)
*/
@Override
public URL getURL() throws IOException {
URL url = resolveURL();
if (url == null) {
throw new FileNotFoundException(getDescription() + " cannot be resolved to URL because it does not exist");
}
return url;
}
/**
* This implementation creates a ClassPathResource, applying the given path
* relative to the path of the underlying resource of this descriptor.
* @see org.springframework.util.StringUtils#applyRelativePath(String, String)
*/
@Override
public Resource createRelative(String relativePath) {
String pathToUse = StringUtils.applyRelativePath(this.path, relativePath);
return new ClassPathResource(pathToUse, this.classLoader, this.clazz);
}
/**
* This implementation returns the name of the file that this class path
* resource refers to.
* @see org.springframework.util.StringUtils#getFilename(String)
*/
@Override
public String getFilename() {
return StringUtils.getFilename(this.path);
}
/**
* This implementation returns a description that includes the class path location.
*/
@Override
public String getDescription() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("class path resource [");
String pathToUse = path;
if (this.clazz != null && !pathToUse.startsWith("/")) {
builder.append(ClassUtils.classPackageAsResourcePath(this.clazz));
builder.append('/');
}
if (pathToUse.startsWith("/")) {
pathToUse = pathToUse.substring(1);
}
builder.append(pathToUse);
builder.append(']');
return builder.toString();
}
/**
* This implementation compares the underlying class path locations.
*/
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == this) {
return true;
}
if (obj instanceof ClassPathResource) {
ClassPathResource otherRes = (ClassPathResource) obj;
return (this.path.equals(otherRes.path) &&
ObjectUtils.nullSafeEquals(this.classLoader, otherRes.classLoader) &&
ObjectUtils.nullSafeEquals(this.clazz, otherRes.clazz));
}
return false;
}
/**
* This implementation returns the hash code of the underlying
* class path location.
*/
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return this.path.hashCode();
}
}
在第165行,我们明显看到了getInputStream的具体实现,利用钩子,我们很容易就调用到了它.
总结:从这个案例中,我们可以至少学到以下知识
1.可以把抽象方法作为钩子使用,调用到继承子类中的实现方法.这也就是多肽的一个用法
2.抽象类可以实现接口中的部分方法,对于未实现的方法,可以继续抽象下去
3.面向oo设计的一个原则,封装变化,面向抽象或者说面向接口编程.这样可以降低耦合度,提高内聚性.